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activity”(lines10-11)wouldbelikelyAdeflectawayfromeachother
Bchangetheshapeofeachother’sorbit
CaffecttheorbitsofanyneighboringplanetsQuestion11isbasedonthispassage.
Evenafternumerousproductsmadewithartificialsweetenersbecameavailable,sugarconsumptionpercapitacontinuedtorise.Nowmanufacturersareintroducingfat-freeversionsofvariousfoodsthattheyclaimhavethetasteandtextureofthetraditional
high-fatversions.Evenifthemanufacturers’claimistrue,giventhattheavailabilityofsugar-freefoodsdidnotreducesugarconsumption,itisunlikelythattheavailabilityofthesefat-freefoodswillreducefatconsumption.
11.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyunderminestheargument?
ASeveralkindsoffatsubstituteareavailabletomanufacturers,eachofwhichgivesanoticeablydifferenttasteandtexturetoproductsthatcontainit.
BTheproductsmadewithartificialsweetenersdidnottastelikeproductsmadewithsugar.
CThefoodsbroughtoutinsugar-freeversionsdidnotgenerallyhavereducedlevelsoffat,butmanyofthefat-freeversionsabouttobeintroducedarelowinsugar.
DPeoplewhoregularlyconsumeproductscontainingartificialsweetenersaremorelikelythanotherstoconsumefat-freefoods.
ENotallfoodscontainingfatcanbeproducedinfat-freeversions.
Questions12to15arebasedonthispassage.
RecentstudiesofsedimentintheNorthAtlantic’sdeepwatersrevealpossiblecyclicalpatternsinthehistoryofEarth’sclimate.Therockfragmentsinthesesedimentsaretoolargetohavebeentransportedtherebyoceancurrents;theymusthavereachedtheirpresentlocationsbytravelinginlargeicebergsthatfloatedlongdistancesfromtheirpointoforiginbeforemelting.GeologistGerardBondnoticedthatsomeofthesedimentgrainswerestainedwithironoxide,evidencethattheyoriginatedinlocaleswhereglaciershadoverrunoutcropsofredsandstone.Bond’sdetailedanalysisofdeep-watersedimentcoresshowedchangesinthemixofsedimentsourcesovertime:theproportionofthesered-stainedgrainsfluctuatedbackandforthfromlowsof5percenttohighsofabout17percent,andthesefluctuationsoccurredinanearlyregular1,500-yearcycle.
Bondhypothesizedthatthealternatingcyclesmightbeevidenceofchangesinocean-watercirculationandthereforeinEarth’sclimate.Heknewthatthesourcesofthered-stainedgrainsweregenerallyclosertotheNorthPolethanweretheplacesyieldingahighproportionof“clean”grains.Atcertaintimes,apparently,moreicebergsfromtheArcticOceaninthefarnorthweretravelingsouthwellintotheNorthAtlanticbeforemeltingandsheddingtheirsediment.
Oceanwatersareconstantlymoving,andwatertemperatureisbothacauseandaneffectofthismovement.Aswatercools,itbecomesdenserandsinkstotheocean’sbottom.Duringsomeperiods,thebottomlayeroftheworld’soceanscomesfromcold,densewatersinkinginthefarNorthAtlantic.ThiscausesthewarmsurfacewatersoftheGulfStreamtobepullednorthward.Bondrealizedthatduringsuchperiods,theinfluxofthesewarmsurfacewatersintonorthern
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regionscouldcausealargeproportionoftheicebergsthatbearredgrainstomeltbeforetravelingveryfarintotheNorthAtlantic.Butsometimestheocean’sdynamicchanges,andwatersfromtheGulfStreamdonottravelnorthwardinthisway.Duringtheseperiods,surfacewatersintheNorthAtlanticwouldgenerallybecolder,permittingicebergsbearingred-stainedgrainstotravelfarther5
southintheNorthAtlanticbeforemeltinganddepositingtheirsediment.
Theonsetoftheso-calledLittleIceAge(1300-1860),whichfollowedtheMedievalWarmPeriodoftheeighththroughtenthcenturies,mayrepresentthemostrecenttimethattheocean’sdynamicchangedinthisway.Ifongoingclimate-historystudiessupportBond’shypothesisof1,500-yearcycles,scientistsmayestablishamajornaturalrhythminEarth’stemperaturesthatcouldthenbeextrapolatedintothefuture.BecausethemidpointoftheMedievalWarmPeriodwasaboutA.D.850,anextensionofBond’scycleswouldplacethemidpointofthenextwarmintervalinthe
twenty-fourthcentury.
12.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueoftherockfragmentscontainedinthesedimentsstudiedbyBond?
AThemajorityofthemarecomposedofredsandstone.
BTheymusthavereachedtheirpresentlocationover1,500yearsago.CTheywerecarriedbyicebergstotheirpresentlocation.
DMostofthemwerecarriedtotheirpresentlocationduringawarmperiodinEarth’sclimatichistory.
ETheyareunlikelytohavebeencarriedtotheirpresentlocationduringtheLittleIceAge.13.Inthefinalparagraphofthepassage(lines30-37),theauthorisconcernedprimarilywithAansweringaquestionaboutEarth’sclimatichistoryBpointingoutapotentialflawinBond’shypothesis
CsuggestinganewfocusforthestudyofoceansedimentsDtracingthegeneralhistoryofEarth’sclimate
EdiscussingpossibleimplicationsofBond’shypothesis
14.Accordingtothepassage,Bondhypothesizedthatwhichofthefollowingcircumstanceswouldallowred-stainedsedimentgrainstoreachmoresoutherlylatitudes?AWarmwatersbeingpullednorthwardfromtheGulfStreamBClimaticconditionscausingicebergstomeltrelativelyquicklyCIcebergscontainingahigherproportionofironoxidethanusualDTheformationofmoreicebergsthanusualinthefarnorthEThepresenceofcoldsurfacewatersintheNorthAtlantic
15.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinsedimentcoresfromtheNorthAtlantic’sdeepwaters,theportionsthatcorrespondtotheLittleIceAge
AdifferverylittleincompositionfromtheportionsthatcorrespondtotheMedievalWarmPeriodBfluctuatesignificantlyincompositionbetweentheportionscorrespondingtothe1300sandtheportionscorrespondingtothe1700s
Cwouldbelikelytocontainaproportionofred-stainedgrainscloserto17percentthanto5
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percent
Dshowamuchhigherproportionofred-stainedgrainsincoresextractedfromthefarnorthoftheNorthAtlanticthanincoresextractedfromfurthersouth
EwereformedinpartasaresultofGulfStreamwatershavingbeenpullednorthwardForeachofQuestions20to25selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwisedirected.
Question20isbasedonthispassage.
Asanexampleofthedevastationwroughtonmusicpublishersbythephotocopier,oneexecutivenotedthatforarecentchoralfestivalwith1,200singers,thefestival’sorganizingcommitteepurchasedonly12copiesofthemusicpublishedbyhercompanythatwasperformedaspartoftheFestival.
20.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakensthesupporttheexamplelendstotheexecutive’scontentionthatmusicpublishershavebeendevastatedbythephotocopier?
AOnlyathirdofthe1,200singerswereinvolvedinperformingthemusicpublishedbytheexecutive’scompany.
BHalfofthesingersatthefestivalhadalreadyheardthemusictheyweretoperformbeforetheybegantopracticeforthefestival.
CBecauseofshortagesinfunding,theorganizingcommitteeofthechoralfestivalrequiredsingerstopurchasetheirowncopiesofthemusicperformedatthefestival.DEachcopyofmusicthatwasperformedatthefestivalwassharedbytwosingers.
EAsaresultofpublicitygeneratedbyitsperformanceatthefestival,thetypeofmusicperformedatthefestivalbecamemorewidelyknown.Questions21and22arebasedonthispassage.
Atalltreecantransportahundredgallonsofwateradayfromitsrootsdeepundergroundtothetreetop.Isthismovementpropelledbypullingthewaterfromaboveorpushingitfrombelow?Thepullmechanismhaslongbeenfavoredbymostscientists.Firstproposedinthelate1800s,thetheoryreliesonapropertyofwaternotcommonlyassociatedwithfluids:itstensilestrength.Insteadofmakingacleanbreak,waterevaporatingfromtreetopstugsontheremainingwatermolecules,withthattugextendingfrommoleculetomoleculeallthewaydowntotheroots.Thetreeitselfdoesnotactuallypushorpull;alltheenergyforliftingwatercomesfromthesun’sevaporativepower.
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.21.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?AThepulltheoryisnotuniversallyacceptedbyscientists.
BThepulltheorydependsononeofwater’sphysicalproperties.CThepulltheoryoriginatedearlierthandidthepushtheory.
22.ThepassageprovidesinformationoneachofthefollowingEXCEPTAwhenthepulltheoryoriginated
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Btheamountofwateratalltreecantransport
Cthesignificanceofwater’stensilestrengthinthepulltheoryDtheroleofthesuninthepulltheory
Ethemechanismunderlyingwater’stensilestrength
Questions23to25arebasedonthispassage.
WhiletheinfluenceofBritishmagazinesinshapingpublicopinionpredatesthenineteenthcentury,itwasduringthe1800sthatmassdistributionbecamepossibleandanexplosioninperiodicalreadershipoccurred,vastlyincreasingmagazines’opinion-shapingpowers.Theroleofmagazinesasarbitersofnineteenth-centurytasteisseenintheirdepictionsoftheLondontheater.ThemagazinesaccordedsomelegitimacytoEastEndworking-classtheatersthatmirroredtheformatofthefashionableWestEndtheatersservingmiddle-andupper-classaudiences.However,themagazinesalsodepictedmusichalls—whichcompetedforpatronagewithalltheaters—asplaceswherecrassentertainmentcorruptedspectators’tasteandmorals.Finally,theysuggestedthatpopulardemandforsubstandardfarecreatedamarketunfriendlytohigherexpressionsofdramaticart.
23.TheauthorofthepassageattributestheinfluenceofBritishperiodicalsinshapingpublicopinioninthenineteenthcenturyinpartto
Aagrowingpublicinterestinreadingopinionpieces
BanincreaseintherelativenumberofreadersfromthemiddleandupperclassesCchangesinthewayinwhichmagazinesweredistributed
Dmagazines’increasedcoverageoftheaterandpopularentertainmentEchangesinmagazineformatthatattractedawiderreadership
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24.TheauthorofthepassagementionsEastEndworking-classtheatersprimarilyinordertoAillustrateapointabouttheabilityofmagazinestoswaypublicopinion
BcontrastthekindsofentertainmentpresentedinEastEndandWestEndtheaters
Cmakeapointabouthowspectators’tastesinfluencedtheofferingsatdifferentkindsoftheatersDexplainhowmagazineschosewhichkindsofentertainmenttocoverEidentifyfactorsthathelpedmakecertaintheatersfashionable
25.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“accorded”(line5)mostnearlymeansAreconciledBrevealedCgrantedDverifiedEmaintained
Thisistheendofsection4.44
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PracticebookEdition2SECTION3阅读部分
ForeachofQuestions9to14,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwisedirected.Questions9to11arebasedonthispassage.
HistorianF.W.Maitlandobservedthatlegaldocumentsarethebest—indeed,oftentheonly—availableevidenceabouttheeconomicandsocialhistoryofagivenperiod.Why,then,hasittakensolongforhistorianstofocussystematicallyonthecivil(noncriminal)lawofearlymodern(sixteenth-toeighteenth-century)England?Maitlandofferedonereason:thesubjectrequiresresearchersto“masteranextremelyformalsystemofpleadingandprocedure.”YetthecomplexitiesthatconfrontthosewhowouldstudysuchmaterialsarenotwhollydifferentfromthoserecentlysurmountedbyhistoriansofcriminallawinEnglandduringthesameperiod.Anotherpossibleexplanationforhistorians’neglectofthesubjectistheirwidespreadassumptionthatmostpeopleinearlymodernEnglandhadlittlecontactwithcivillaw.Ifthatwereso,thehistoryoflegalmatterswouldbeoflittlerelevancetogeneralhistoricalscholarship.Butrecentresearchsuggeststhatcivillitigationduringtheperiodinvolvedartisans,merchants,professionals,shopkeepers,andfarmers,andnotmerelyanarrow,propertied,maleelite.Moreover,thelatersixteenthandearlyseventeenthcenturiessawanextraordinaryexplosionincivillitigationbybothwomenandmen,makingthisthemostlitigiouserainEnglishhistoryonapercapitabasis.9.ThepassagesuggeststhatthehistoryofcriminallawinearlymodernEnglanddiffersfromthehistoryofcivillawduringthatsameperiodinthatthehistoryofcriminallaw
A.isofmoreintellectualinteresttohistoriansandtheirreadersB.hasbeenstudiedmorethoroughlybyhistoriansC.ismorerelevanttogeneralsocialhistory
D.involvesthestudyofalargerproportionofthepopulation
E.doesnotrequirethemasteryofanextremelyformalsystemofprocedures
10.TheauthorofthepassagementionstheoccupationsofthoseinvolvedincivillitigationinearlymodernEnglandmostlikelyinorderto
Asuggestthatmosthistorians’assumptionsabouttheparticipantsinthecivillegalsystemduringthatperiodareprobablycorrect
BsupportthetheorythatmorepeopleparticipatedinthecivillegalsystemthanthecriminallegalsysteminEnglandduringthatperiod
Ccountertheclaimthatlegalissuesrevealmoreaboutacountry’sordinarycitizensthanaboutitselite
DillustratethewiderangeofpeoplewhousedthecivillegalsysteminEnglandduringthatperiodEsuggestthatrecentdataonpeoplewhoparticipatedinearlymodernEngland’slegalsystemmaynotbecorrect
11.Theauthorofthepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthe“widespread
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