east东方→eastward向东
(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如： six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六 four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十 3.合成法
1)合成名词 构成方式例词
名词＋名词weekend周末 名词＋动词daybreak黎明
名词＋动名词handwriting书法
名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer止痛药 名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief总编辑 代词＋名词she-wolf母狼 动词＋名词typewriter打字机
动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室 现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼 形容词＋名词gentleman绅士 副词＋动词outbreak爆发 介词＋名词afternoon下午 2)合成形容词
名词＋形容词snow-white雪白的
名词＋现在分词English-speaking讲英语的 名词＋to＋名词face-to-face面对面的 名词＋过去分词man-made人造的 数词＋名词one-way单行的
数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的 数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed五层的 动词＋副词see-through透明的 形容词＋名词high-class高级的
形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的 形容词＋形容词light-blue浅蓝色的
形容词＋现在分词good-looking相貌好看的 副词＋形容词ever-green常青的
副词＋现在分词hard-working勤劳的 副词＋过去分词well-known著名的
副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的 介词＋名词downhill下坡的 3)合成动词
名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游 形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷 副词＋动词overthrow推翻 4)合成副词
形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地 形容词＋副词everywhere到处
副词＋副词however尽管如此 介词＋名词beforehand事先 介词＋副词forever永远 5)合成代词
代词宾格＋self herself她自己 物主代词＋self myself我自己 形容词＋名词anything任何东西 6)合成介词
副词＋名词inside在......里面 介词＋副词within在......之内 副词＋介词into进入 4.截短法(缩略法)
截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。 1)截头
telephone→phone aeroplane→plane omnibus→bus 2)去尾
mathematics→maths co-operate→co-op examination→exam kilogram→kilo laboratory→lab taxicab→taxi 3)截头去尾 influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge prescription→script 5.混合法(混成法)
混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部 分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播 television broadcast→telecast电视播送 smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场 6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分 别读音；作为一个单词读音。
very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人；大人物 television→TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福 Nato
三.巩固练习
1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness
2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A.die B.dead C.died D.death
3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded. A.sadly B.sadness C.sadly D.sad
4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________. A.chemistry B.chemical C.chemist D.physician
5.The three- ________chair isn't suitable for a young child.He may fall off. A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged
6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world. A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates. A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely
8.To everyone's ________，the girl finished the job quite well. A.satisfied B.satisfactory C.satisfying D.satisfaction 9.-What are you doing here?
-Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English. -You can write________passage in English? A.600 words；a 600-words B.600-word；a 600-words C.600 words；a 600-word D.600 words；a 600-words
10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police. A.permit B.permission C.permitting D.permittence
11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you. A.headquarters B.headline C.headmaster D.headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________. A.intend B.intention
C.intentionally D.intentional
13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile. A.practice B.practise C.practical D.practiced
14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine. A.judger B.judgment C.judge D.judgement
15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War? A.lately B.latest C.later D.latter
16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________. A.longer B.length C.long D.longing
17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily. A.joy B.joyful
C.joyless D.joyness
18.Canada is mainly an________country. A.English-speaking B.speak-English C.spoken-English D.English-spoken
19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________. A.foolish；foolishly；fool B.fool；foolish；fool C.foolish；fool；fool D.foolishly；foolish；fool
20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It's of great ________. A.valuable B.value
C.valueless D.unvaluable
21.There were________fish in the river in South America. A.in danger B.danger C.dangerous D.dangerless
22.The letter \ A.sound B.silent C.silence D.sounded
23.The child looked at me________. A.stranger B.strangely C.strange D.strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely. A.free B.freely C.freedom D.frees
25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue. A.reasonable B.reasonful C.reasonless D.unreason
26.We have to learn________technology from other countries. A.advance B.advancing C.advantage D.advanced
27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day. A.nearby B.near C.nearly D.near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an________in the government.You can not easily find him in his________. A.official；officer；office
B.officer；office；official C.official；official；official D.officer；official；office
29.You'd better give up smoking if you want to keep ________. A.health B.healthy C.healthily D.healthier
30.________ speaking，I didn't do it on purpose. A.Honestly B.Honest C.Honesty D.Dishonest
[参考答案]1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB
专题二、英语语法汇总及练习 动词的时态:
初中英语的动词时态主要有五种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,现在进行时,现在完 成时.
1. 一般现时的用法：主要由动词原形表示，但在第三人称单数时要在词尾加-s 。否定句 和疑问句要用助动词do, does.
A. 经常性或习惯性的动作。如The trees get green in spring . 。
B现在特征或状态。如The Changjiang River is the longest in our country. He doesn` t work in the factory .
C.普遍真理。如The sun rises in the east . Five and two in seven .
2现在进行时： 现在进行时是由助动词be 的人称形式加现在分词构成。 主要表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。如：
Where are they swimming? They are swimming in the river.
有些动词的现在进行时表示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作。这些动词是：go ,come, leave ,start ,arrive , return ,work sleep,stay,play,do,have ,wear..... She is coming to see me tomorrow.
3． 一般将来时： 主要表示将要发生的动作或情况。
由助动词shall 或will加动词原形构成。/ be going to 加动词原形构成 It won't rain tonight . I shall meet you at the station. He is going to have a swim tomorrow. 4.一般过去时：由动词的过去式表示。
表示在过去某个时刻发生的动作或情况。包括过去习惯性动作。如； Did you knock at the door just now? / He finished reading the book yesterday. 5.现在完成时：由have的人称形式加过去分词构成 A 到现在为止已经完成的动作。如：
I have lent my book to Ann. 我把书借给了安。
He has never seen a real tiger. 他从来没有见过真老虎。 B、从过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态。如：
She has lived here since 1991. 从一九九一年起她就住在这里。 时 态 常用的时间副词 一般现在
时 every( year,otherday ,twodays,week,month...) ,often ,always,usually ,som etimes, in the morning,in summer,on Sunday