EXERCISE 22 1. 定位在
“In that case, he argues, any statement or combination of statements (not merely the ―offending generalization, as in classical empiricism) can be altered to achieve the fundamental requirement” 答案D； 2. 定位在
any observation of a non red ball refutes unequivocally the proposed generalization A. 说反了； B. 答案； C. 说反了； 3. 定位在第二段
Space-probe photographs indicate the existence of giant volcanoes on the Martian surface. From the small number of impact craters that appear on Martian lava flows 答案E; 4. 定位在
recent measurements suggest that since Io?s surface is rich in sulfur and sodium, the chemical composition of its volcanic products would probably be unlike that of the shergottites. Moreover, any fragments dislodged from Io by interbody impact would be unlikely to escape the gravitational pull of Jupiter
通过两个理由驳斥shergottites 从Io来的，前提是这两条是判定的依据； 答案AC； 5. 之前出过； 6. 主旨题，文章一直在强调一致，并且一直在反对哪些说不一致落的人，最后也落在了一致性上，
所以是E, 不是CD； 7. 题干问的是
author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs' to Raisin in the Sun. 所以应该是介绍完Isaacs观点后的BUT
8. 批评者和选项的观点都是都是缺乏能力导致结果而非刻意如此做，答案C； 9. 主旨题，E的findings最准确；
10. 支持观点，支持假设即可，也就是(1)(2)的内容，II.将(1)的内容的逆否命题，
IV.把(2)的内容直接取反了，所以只有II正确，答案A。
EXERCISE 23 1. 定位在
“The common belief of some linguist”直觉告诉我们应该就是B，辅以后面的内容，答案B。 2. 都是代词指代不明； 3. 逐个排除：
A. \
B. No language is perfect, and if we admit this truth, we must also admit that it is not unreasonable to investigate the relative merits of different languages or of different details in languages. C. 可以同上；
D. 文章第一句和第二句；
E. 文章全是负评价；不存在paradox； 4. 两个模型：
i. 机械能转化为磁能，磁能转化为机械能维持其自给自足的运转，可以运转很久；
ii. 维持运转靠着磁能的不断消耗，所以将来会发生变化； 答案B；
5. Oil boom→crime increase 因为no oil boom的时候 crime not increase
答案B说的就是这种感觉； 6. 定位在：
Many factors internal to the play, but perhaps most especially the prominence of the chorus, led scholars to consider it one of Aeschylus' earlier works. The consensus was that here was a drama truly reflecting an early stage in the evolution of tragedy out of choral lyric. The play was dated as early as the 490's B.C., in any event, well before Aeschylus' play The Persians of 472 B.C. 答案B；
7. 两种方法，density-independent 和density-dependent；答案 A; 8. 说缺点，也就是第二段的主题句：
This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally. 9. 定位在：
For populations that remain relatively constant, or that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown 答案E；
10. 定位在第一段：
some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather, and in other cases not.
EXERCISE 24
1. E排除了一种可能存在的他因，支持了观点。
2. 注意：不要忽略文章的TS，后面的内容都是对他的成就的具体的体现； 3. Condescending：to descend to a less formal or dignified level : UNBEND 4. 逐个定位：The seismic records must be processed to correct for positional（B） differences between
the source and the receiver, for unrelated wave trains（A）, and for multiple reflections from the rock interfaces；
it generates a wave train that moves downward at a speed determined uniquely by the rock's elastic characteristics.（C）
5. As each source is activated, it generates a wave train that moves downward at a speed determined
uniquely by the rock's elastic characteristics；
elastic characteristics是唯一能够产生这个wave被检测到根源，如果有东西跟这个辨识标志相似那么，检测结果必然会受到干扰。
6. 开头结论，后面展开讨论过程和细节；答案D； 7. 定位在：
One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings
科学是最后一个被人类发展的，言外之意就是发展的最慢的，这段文字给出了一种解释，是因为科学破坏了人们拥有的美妙的幻象；but转折后，作者质疑了这种解释，既然这样，为什么还有很多人读一些解密的著作呢？ 答案选E 8. Paradox韦氏字典的解释：
statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true 而我们往往只是记住了这个解释：
a self-contradictory statement that at first seems true 9. 定位在
He found that microbial synthesis of siderophores -- substances that bind iron -- in bacteria of the genus Salmonella declined at environmental temperatures above 37°C and stopped at 40.3°C. 答案D重复原文内容；
10. 文章后面一直在讲iron对细菌的重要性，想要干掉它，分离他们即可，答案C；
EXERCISE 25 1. 定位在：
such molecules are synthesized far less readily when oxygen-containing(current atmospheric conditions)compounds dominate the atmosphere 答案A. 2. 定位在：
some scientists have precipitously ventured hypotheses that attempt to explain the development, from lager molecules, of the earliest self-duplicating organisms 答案D；
3. 只有A表达了对机械化对女人工作变革的质疑的感觉，符合文章观点，答案A
Bear out：证实。
4. 作者认为哪个选项才能预示着女人们工作地位的根本改变？
个人感觉定位在：
Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist
D选项中的内容是将红字部分取反； 5. 定位在
The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics 答案B；
6. 题干问的是best
选A的要注意一下 定位在
Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home. 回顾一下文章的结构：
第一段：老观点，Mechanization促进了女性工作地位的变革；
第二段：新观点，Mechanization并没有促进女性工作地位的变革； 最后一段，总结：Mechanization甚至减缓了女性工作地位的变革；
A和B比较一下，B的beyond the evidence presented in the passage更符合这种感觉。答案B。 7. 文章说，过去的40年，农药的大量使用并且使用的更加灵活，但同一时期却伴随着由某种全
世界泛滥的害虫引起的农作物损失的增加，排除这些害虫针对这种农药产生抗性的可能； 问题是，哪个成立能够解释这个现象
A. 无效的农药不再广泛使用，隐含的结果应该是杀得更多了，排除； B. 用农药得不偿失；
C. observe their fields more closely，同A；
D. 某种杀虫方法虽然不包含农药成分，但依然很有效；
E. 农药对人类和牲畜的影响，与题目无关； 答案B。
8. 定位在but which can fix nitrogen by converting nitrogen gas into a usable form
答案C；
9. 真的没别的选的了，只能选B；严重怀疑又是一篇ETS从哪儿截过来的文章；
定位在例子前面的说理：
Researchers are finding that in many ways an individual bacterium is more analogous to a component cell of a multicellular organism than it is to a free-living, autonomous organism
A. 文章没明确提过单细胞的概念，同时Among photosynthetic bacteria, Anabaena is unusual，小偷换了一下概念；
B. 没有上下文，不好说B就正确； CDE都没啥关系； 10. 选E，最确切；
EXERCISE 26
1. E选项说取样范围更广，考虑了各种路况，完善了统计调查，支持了结论。 2. 逐个排除：
A. unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific, principally along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru，排除；
B. winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east，答案； C. 没提发生的几率，以及是否可预测性； D. 没提范围； E. 没提。
3. 对三个选项取反，回原文找答案：
A. Wind _send_ signal_generate_ negative Rossby wave;
B. which raise sea level in the cast，simultaneously send a signal to the west lowering sea level; C. blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water;
都可以找到答案，答案ABC；
4. 题干：（不认真读题的孩纸伤不起啊）
According to the passage, Cressy would agree with which of the following statements about the organizers among the English immigrants to New England in the 1630's? 定位在：
most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure When he moves beyond the principal actors 这后面就跟他们没关系了； 答案B； 5. 很简单
Most adult immigrants were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate
Each of these characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 people who left for New England in the 1630's from most of the approximately 377,000 English people who had immigrating, to America by 1700;
literate直接取反即可；
6. 这道题告诉我一件事情，永远不要用最后一段的总结句作为文章的主题，尤其是长文章！他们
经常作为最后一个段落的总结，这些句子很有可能是对主题的延伸或者扩展。长文章主旨放眼全文。
A. 我误选了，因为最后一段的句子给我的干扰；仔细阅读后
1. 没有debate，第二段是一个补充，待完善； 2. 没仔细看清楚其实最后一句只是对例子的总结； B. 主题不是airflow patterns；
C. random events，只是提了一句会有危险，没展开，不是主题； D. 答案；
E. capture pollen不是主要内容；
7. 题干问这个东西aerodynamic environments are primarily determined by_____
These studies suggest that species frequently take advantage of the physics of pollen motion by generating specific aerodynamic environments within the immediate vicinity of their female reproductive organs
by表方式手段，从而：
aerodynamic environments determined take advantage of the physics of pollen motion; 真正的答案在后面
It is the morphology of these organs that dictates the pattern of airflow disturbances(=aerodynamic environments) 答案：C
8. 定位在改善的段落：
A critical question that remains to be answered is whether the morphological attributes of the female reproductive organs of wind-pollinated species are evolutionary adaptations to wind pollination or are merely fortuitous. 答案E; 9. 定位在：
However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated plant lineages 取反即可，答案A
10. She shunned bodily ornamentation and strove to use only the natural movements of her body,
undistorted by acrobatic exaggeration and stimulated only by internal compulsion. 感觉不明显。。。
EXERCISE 27
1. 问的是文章结构：
The more that is discovered about the intricate organization of the nervous system, the more it seems remarkable that genes can successfully specify the development of that system. （这里只是一个假设或者是推论，不能是一个详细的例证，所以不选A）Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human's 1010 neurons should occupy, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. For such reasons, we can assume that there must be an important random factor in neural development, and in particular, that errors must and do occur in the development of all normal brains.
答案D; observation<>fact/example/specifics, 有可能是观察事实后得到的观点。 2. 定位第一段：
Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth- century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. A. Isolate 新信息； B. Connection 新信息；
C. 提了普通的两个人名体现不出这个理论的重要性； D. First 新信息