PI3K/AKT信号通路
PKB是通过磷酸化之后，才使其发挥的作用的活性状态，但是在细胞内的总表的水平不变，只有磷酸化水平发生变化，所以检测其磷酸化水平的变化是检测这一通路的方法。western-blot
这条信号通路中，AKT是核心，其上游除了PI3K还有其他，但最重要的是PI3K。一般认为AKT信号通路就是PI3K/AKt信号通路。AKT下游非常多，Nf－kB、VEGF、 FOXO等等，多是促增殖抑凋亡的因子（也有像FOXO这样的抑生长促凋亡的因子，但AKT活化后是使FOXO失活的，所以最终结果还是促生长抑凋亡）。
其中，BAD TSC DAF YAP的作用见下：
BAD: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the BCL-2 family. BCL-2 family members are known to be regulators of programmed cell death.
This protein positively regulates cell apoptosis by forming heterodimers with BCL-xL and BCL-2, and reversing their death repressor activity. Proapoptotic activity of this protein is regulated through its phosphorylation. Protein kinases AKT and MAP kinase, as well as protein phosphatase calcineurin were found to be involved in the regulation of this protein. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants which encode the same isoform. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
TSC: This gene encodes a growth inhibitory protein thought to play a role in the stabilization of tuberin. Mutations in this gene have been associated
with tuberous sclerosis. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]
DAF(CD55): his gene encodes a protein involved in the regulation of the complement cascade. The encoded glycoprotein is also known as
the decay-accelerating factor (DAF); binding of DAF to complement proteins accelerates their decay, disrupting the cascade and preventing damage to host cells. Antigens present on the DAF glycoprotein constitute the Cromer blood group system (CROM). Two alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different proteins have been identified. The predominant transcript encodes a membrane-bound protein expressed on cells exposed to plasma component proteins but an alternatively spliced transcript produces a soluble protein present at much lower levels. Additional, alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but their biological validity has not been determined. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
YAP: This gene encodes a downstream nuclear effector of the Hippo signaling pathway which is involved in development, growth, repair, and
homeostasis. This gene is known to play a role in the development and progression of multiple cancers as a transcriptional regulator of this signaling pathway and may function as a potential target for cancer treatment. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2013]