It takes/ took sb. some time to do sth. To talk with him is a great pleasure. It is a great pleasure to talk with him. It is necessary for us to learn English well.
It is very thoughtful of you to have arranged all this. 1.2 作表语, 表示具体的、将来的动作。 句型：S＋系动词＋toV
e.g. His job today is to clean the room. The best way to do in the present situation is wait and see.(当主语部分含有do 的某种形式时，to 可省)
试比较：Her wish is to become a teacher. I am to go on with the work. 1.3 作宾语。
句型：S + Vt + to V
1) 下列动词后只能用不定式作宾语：hope, wish, expect, want, offer, promise, refuse, decide, pretend, afford, agree, attempt, fail, intend, learn, manage, plan e.g. We expect to organize a youth club.
He promised to come back on time.
2) 在 show, tell, teach, know, find out, decide, wonder, advise, discuss等动词后，常用一个带wh-words 的不定式作宾语／宾补，构成V+wh-words+to V… e.g. Show me how to do it.
I don?t know where to put it. 3) 若作宾语的不定式有补足语时，先用先行词it 作形式宾语而将正直的宾语
不定式后移置补足语之后。
句型：S + Vt (think, consider, find, make) + it + O.C(adj/ n) + to do
e.g. I find it difficult to follow the professor for I haven?t prepared for the class. We think it necessary to learn English well. I find it a pleasure to talk with you. 1.4 作宾补。
1）不定式在句中作宾补时，可带不定式符号to ,也可不带。下列动词：see, watch,
notice, observe, hear, feel, listen to, look at, make, have, let 等后的不定式作
宾补时，to 必须省去。
句型：Vt + O + to V Vt + O + V
e.g. He wanted you to call him back at noon.
The coach made the players practise every day. I don?t notice you enter.
但这种句子变为被动语态时，“to”必须还原。 e.g. The players were made to practise every day.
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2) be said/ be reported/be known/be thought/be believed/ seem/ happen/ appear/ prove等常以to V 或to be 作主补。
e.g. He is said to be from a poor peasant family. He is said to have gone abroad.
3) 下列句型中不定式不带”to”
had better +V/ would rather +V…than..+ V/ do…except/but +V/ had rather +V/
cannot but +V
e.g. He said he would do anything except cook. He can do nothing but wait. 1.5 作定语。不定式作定语一般放在被修饰词后，表示一个将来的动作。 句型：n. + to V
1）不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系。如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。
e.g. I have a lot of questions to ask. Robert has a large family to support Give me a sheet of paper to write on. There is nothing to worry about.
试比较：Do you have anything to be taken to your son?
Do you have anything to do ?
2）有些名词后常跟不定式作定语。此类常见名词有：way, right, chance, ambition,
ability, attempt, promise, tendency, wish, desire, decision等。 e.g. His attempt to solve the problem turned out to be a failure. Is that the best way to solve the problem? 3）only, last, next 以及形容词最高级和序数词修饰名词时，常用不定式。 e.g. He is always the first one to come to school. I don?t think he is the best man to do the job. 1.6 不定式作状语
1) 不定式后置表示原因，不定式说明产生该形容词表示的情绪的原因，不定式修饰某些形容词表示范围、情况，这类形容词有：clever, comfortable, difficult, easy, foolish, right, wrong等。
句型： be + adj/V-ed2 + to V e.g. The question is difficult to answer. Alice is easy to get along with. (不定式与主语是动宾关系，不定式是不及物动词时，要带介词，介词后不能再带宾语)
2) 不定式后置表示结果。不定式修饰动词、形容词和副词表示结果时后置，常用下列句型：
adj/adv.+ enough + to V
so + adj/adv. + as to + V
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such +(adj) + n. + as to V too + adj /adv + to V
only + to V（意想不到的结果）
e.g. Would you be kind enough to open the window?
The rain was so heavy as to make our picnic impossible. I was too excited to go to sleep last night. We arrived at the station only to find the train had left. 3) 不定式前置表示目的（应用逗号隔开），常用下列句型： To V/ In order to V, S + V
e.g. To become a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master?s degree.
In order to catch up with the advanced nations, we must make still great efforts.
4) 不定式后置表示目的，常用下列句型：
S + V…to V/in order to V/ so as to V
e.g. He got up early to/in order to/so as to read English for a while in the morning. 1.7 不定式的否定式。 句型：not to V
e.g. I?m going to start now in order not to miss the beginning.
Take care not to catch a cold. 1.8 不定式的时态 一 般 体 进 行 体 完 成 体 to do to be doing to have done 1) 一般体：不定式表示的动作与谓语的动作是同时发生的，或是在其后发生的。 e.g. He is said to leave tomorrow. The students are learning to sing an English song.
2) 进行体：不定式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的，而且正在进行着。
e.g. The teacher seems to be getting along quite well with the students. He is said to be writing a letter now.
3) 完成体：表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前。若用在intended, hoped, meant, planned, should/would like, expected, hoped, promised, wanted等词后，表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等。 e.g. He is said to have come here yesterday. Ｉam sorry to have kept you waiting.
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I would like to have gone with her, but I was too busy then. 1.9 不定式的语态 一 般 体 完 成 体 to be done to have been done 当不定式的逻辑主语与不定式的动词动作有被动关系时，常用不定式的被动语态。
to be translated into English next year.
e. g. This book is reported
to have been translated into English last year. The next thing to be done is to make a plan. He is said to have been sent abroad. 2. 分词
分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。它们兼有动词、形容词和副词的特征。 构成：现在分词由动词原形＋ing构成，过去分词由动词原形＋ed构成。 区别：现在分词表示主动、正在进行的意思；过去分词表示被动、完成的意思。
试比较：I heard someone opening the door .
I heard the door opened. China is a developing country. Japan is a developed country.
2.1 作表语。现在分词作表语说明主语所具有的特征或性质；过去分词作表语说明主语所处的状态。 句型：S + 系动词 + V-ing/V-ed2 e.g. The lecture was boring. His students were bored. 2.2 作宾补。现在分词作宾补，表示和宾语之间是主动关系，而且动作正在进行；
过去分词作宾补，与宾语之间是被动关系，表示已完成的动作。 常用分词作宾补的动词有：see, hear, notice, look at, watch, find, smell, feel, keep, set,
have, make, leave, start等。 句型：S + Vt +O + V-ing/V-ed2
e.g. I saw two men planting trees. I found trees planted in lines. He was surprised to find his room thoroughly cleaned. He was surprised to find someone cleaning the room. 试比较：have/has /get+ sth done
have/has + sb + do sth(经常)./doing sth..（正在进行或让某人连续较长时
间地做某事）
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e.g. He has the letter typed. He had his leg broken in an accident. His father has his son write a composition every week. His father has his son writing a composition now. 现在分词和不定式都可以作宾补，现在分词强调动作正在进行，不定式表示动作已完成，指事情发生的全过程。 句型：see/watch/hear sb.do sth./doing sth. e.g. Do you hear anyone knocking at the door? Yes, I do. I heard him knock threes times. I saw him get off the bus and go away. I saw him coming slowly to me. 2.3 作定语。
1) 单个分词作定语一般前置，在意思上相当于一个定语从句。分词与其修饰语之间是主动关系时用现在分词，是被动关系时则用过去分词。 句型：V-ing/V-ed2 + n
e.g. I am reading a very interesting book. Must all the written exercises be done?
单个过去分词作定语，有时也可放在被修饰词之后。 e.g. The guests invited are all here. The experience gained will be of great value. 2) 分词短语作定语时放在它所修饰的名词之后，功能相当于定语从句。 句型：n. + V-ing phrase / n. + V-ed2 phrase
e.g. The problem bothering us(=which is bothering) is the lack of money.
They lived in a room facing(=that faced) the south. These are goods imported from Japan (=that were imported from Japan). Is this the book recommended by our teacher?
2.4 作状语。分词作状语表示原因、条件、时间、让步、伴随情况、结果等。 2.4.1 分词作状语放句首时常表示：原因、条件、时间或让步，放在句末常表示伴随或结果。现在分词作状语有主动意思，过去分词作状语有被动意思。分词作状语多用在书面语中，口语中多用状语从句。
句型：V-ing, S + V +O + 其他成分, S+V+O+…,V-ing
V-ed2, S + V + O + 其他成分, S+V+O+…,V-ed2
e.g. When compared with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not
seem high at all. (表示时间) Hearing the news, we jumped with joy.
Don?t read while eating. (表示时间，放后面需加连词)
Not knowing how to do it, he went to his father for help.（表示原因） Being short of manpower, we?ll try to finish the work in time.= Though we are
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