一．定语从句
1.只能用that ,而不能用which 的情况 1）当定语从句修饰的先行词是：
all, any, every, few, a few, only, no, some, very, something, anything, nothing, little, much
等不定代词或先行词被上述不定代词修饰时，连接词只能用that； You can take any seat that is free.
2）当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时，其后的关系代词要用that Jack is the best student that I have ever taught. 3) 先行词被the only, the very, the last 修饰时 He is the only person that I want to talk to. 4) 先行词既有人又有物时用 that
They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school
2. that 可用于表示“方式”、“时间”、“地点”的词语后取代“when”、“where”、“in which”等也常省略
看看汤姆处理工作的方式。
Look at the way (that / in which ) Tom tackled the job. 不幸的是，我们跨越海峡的那天海上波涛汹涌
The sea was, unfortunately, very rough the day (that / when / on which ) we crossed the channel.
这是我父亲住了30 年的房子。
This is the house ( where / in which / that ) my father lived for thirty years.
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3.介词后不能跟“that”，在某些固定短语中介词不应与短语分开而前置 listen to; look at; look for; pay attention to; take care of
Your inefficiency, which we have put up with far too long, is beginning to annoy our customers.（put up with 为短语动词，with不能前置。） 这是我跟你说到的那本书。 Here is the book that I told you about.
不可使用：Here is the book about that I told you. 因为that 前不能加介词。） 4.名词或数词+ of + which / whom 表示部分与整体的关系
There are many forms of energy, one of which is atomic energy.（which的先行词是many forms of…）
The book, the cover of which is gray, is mine.（which 的先行词是the book） 5.but 作关系代词
“but”用做关系代词时，作“who / that…not…”或“which…not…”解，用在否定结构中通过双重否定达到强烈肯定的修辞效果 凡是规则皆有例外。
There is no rule but has exceptions.
= There is no rule that does not have exceptions. 即：Every rule has exceptions. More examples:
Not a day went by but brought us bad news at that difficult time.= Not a day went by which did not bring us bad news at that difficult time. There are few of us but admire your accomplishments.=
There are few of us who/that do not admire your accomplishments.
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6.关系代词和关系副词的省略
1)在there be 结构的定语从句中，用作主语的关系代词that/who/which 可以省略，there is 或 there has ever been 等结构通常在定语从句中有“目前有的，曾经有的”之意。
e.g. Henry was the only person (that) there was to witness the car accident. This car is probable faster than any of its kind (that) there has ever been. 2)当先行词是reason且关系代词在句中作原因状语时，关系代词why 可以省略 e.g. That is the reason (why) I like her so much.
3). 当先行词是way且关系代词在句中作方式状语时，关系代词in which 或 that 可以省略。
e.g. That was the way (in which) he found out the solution to this problem. 7.what 用作关系代词
“what+名词”相当于“all the +名词+that” e.g. I have given you what help I can.= I have given you all the help that I can.
She saved what little money she earned to help this old lady.= She saved all the little money that she earned to help this old lady.
8. 先行词为表示“情况”的名词时（situation, conditions, instance等），定语从句用where 引导：
e.g. This is a situation where he can still remain calm. 二．状语从句 1.时间状语从句
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1) when, as, while比较
“when”可指一段时间，也可指一点时间，可表示短暂性动作，也可表示持续动作
“as”表示动作与主句同时发生，与延续性动词连用，意为“随着…” “while”只能表示持续性的动作或状态
e.g.When I came home, I handed my mother a paper bag.（表示一个动作紧接另一个动作发生。）
As I left the house I forgot the key.（表示两个动作同时发生，持续时间较短。） Tom broke a glass while she was washing up.（两动作同时发生，从句动作比主句动作延续时间长。） 2) till, until, not until 比较
until 比till 更具有强调意味，故用于句首时通常用“until”而不用“till” 主句为肯定式，则谓语动词是表示延续性的动作，意为“一直到…为止” 主句为否定句，则谓语动词表示非延续性动作，意为“直到…才…” not until 放在句首时，主句的主语和谓语要倒装，表示加强语气 Not until people lose friendship do they know its value. not until 常用于
“It was not until … that …”的强调结构
It was not until I had investigated the matter that I had some idea of it. 3) no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely, barely )… when 主句用过去完成时，从句用过去时 连接词放在句首，则主谓部分倒装
She had no sooner walked out of the classroom than she realized her mistake.（不用
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倒装）
Hardly (barely / scarcely) had the words been spoken when he realized that he should have remained silent.
话刚一出口，他就意识到自己本应该保持沉默。
No sooner had she walked out of the classroom than she realized her mistake. 她刚一步出教室就意识到了自己的错误。 4) “一??就??”的不同表达方式 “the moment / minute / second / instant / day” “…的那一刻／分／秒／天就…”
Jack stopped talking the moment he heard Tom’s voice at the door. 一听到门外汤姆的声音，杰克就停止了谈话。
You see the lightning the instant it happens, but you hear the thunder later. 你会在闪电发生的那一刻就看见它，而要过一会儿才能听到雷声。 几种不常用的表达举例：
They went into action directly/immediately/instantly/presently they heard the alarm.(in British English)
5)几种需用完成时态的时间状语从句：by the time; it is the first/second time…; hardly…when/before; scarcely…when/before; no sooner…than; since; ever since; now that
e.g. By the time I got home, they had left for the airport.
It is the first time that I have visited such a big museum. We’d hardly arrived before we had to go back. 6) 下列词组可引导时间状语从句：
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