Newcomers may be anxious because they do not speak the language，know the customs，or understand people’s behavior in daily ['deili] ad. 每日地，日常地a. 每日的，日常的life．初来乍到者与当地人讲不同的语言，不了解当地的习俗，也无法理解人们日常生活中的行为。他们会因此而感到焦虑不安。 The visitor finds that “yes”may not always mean“yes\旅游者发现“是”并非总代表“赞同”，
that friendliness does not necessarily mean friendship，
友好不一定代表友谊，
or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes．
听起来严肃的话语也许只是玩笑。
The foreigner may be unsure as to（至于）when to shake hands or hug，when to start conversations，or how to approach a stranger．
外国人无法确定什么情况下该握手，什么情况下该拥抱，什么时候开始说话，如何结识陌生人。 The notion(概念) of “culture shock” helps explain feelings of bewilderment （n.困惑 ）． “文化冲击”可以帮助我们解释这种困惑感。
Language problems do not account for all the frustrations （n.挫折）that people feel．
语言并非造成人们这种挫折感的全部原因。
When one is deprived （ vt.夺去）of everything that was once(adv.一次) familiar [ a.熟悉的；冒昧的 ]，such as understanding a transportation system，knowing how to register for university classes，or knowing how to make friends.difficulties in dealing with the new society may arise
.像交通系统，注册大学课程，交友等这些一个人曾经熟悉的一切全部消失，他在新社会中肯定会碰到一些困难。
Text B
Culture Shock — The Initial Stresses 文化冲击—最初的压力
My friend Dr．Dong had a wonderful chance to go to Seattle to present a paper at a professional meeting． 我的朋友董医生有幸获得了一次去西雅图在一个专业会议上做学术报告的好机会。
Having attended my course in Intercultural Communications， he consulted me to review some of the cultural differences he might experience．
已经上过我的跨文化交际课程，他请我帮他温习一下他可能遇到的一些文化差异。 I also gave him the phone number of a friend of mine who lived in the area． 我也把在当地居住的一个朋友的电话号码给了他。 When he got back，we met to review his experience． 他回来后，我们又聚到一起回顾了他的经历。
Dr．Dong told me that the course information had helped him． 董医生告诉我，跨文化交际课上学的东西派上了用场。 He experienced the typical stages of culture shock．
他经历了文化冲击的典型阶段。
He arrived expectant and happy and enjoyed his first days very much．
他满怀期待高高兴兴地到了美国，非常愉快地度过了最初几天。
At the medical conference， he felt quite confident of his area of research and was able to perform well in his presentation． 在医学会议上，他对自己的研究领域颇为自信，而且他所做的发言也相当成功。 But after a few days, he began to feel uncomfortable．
但几天后，他开始感到有些不适应了。
His medical English was fine， but the social interaction skills were different， and he was unsure of the cues and the communication styles．
他的医学英语不错，可是社会交往技能却是另一码事，他拿不准那些暗示及交际风格。
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He worried more and more that he was misunderstanding simple English greetings and table talk conventions．
他焦躁不安，连简单的英文问候语以及餐桌交谈习俗也弄不懂了。 When people greeted him with，“Hi，how’s it going ?” he thought they had asked him “where are you going ?” and answered with the name of the conference hall，only to get a confused stare from them．
有人用“嗨，一切都好吗?”和他打招呼， 他以为是问他“你要去哪儿?”，答之以会议厅的名字，结果招来了疑惑的目光。
At a western style dinner， a colleague asked，“So how’re you enjoy in ’ the States?” he thought he heard，“So how are you enjoying your steak?” and answered that he was having chicken，not beef． 在一次西式的晚宴上，一位同事问他：“你在美国过得好吗?” 他听成了“你觉得牛排味道如何?”，回答他在吃鸡肉，不是牛肉。 That time，his colleague smiled， and patiently repeated the question． 那次，那位同事笑了，并耐心重复了他的问题， At last，they both laughed at the error． 之后俩人对这个错误大笑一通。
Such failures in understandings and communications were minor．
这类误解和交流不畅还是次要的。
But for Dr．Dong， they were the beginning of a sense of“ cultural confusion”． 但对董医生来说， 它们是“文化困惑”感的开始。 By the end of the meetings， he felt a deep sense of“ cultural stress ”and was worn out from having to pay attention to so many new expressions and ways of dealing [ n.买卖；待遇 vt.给予 ]with things．
在会议快要结束时，他深深地感到了“文化压力”，为待人接物时那么多的新表达方法和方式而感到精疲力竭。 He felt his handshake was not as firm as Americans’， found that people reacted[反应（常与to连用）]unusually when he modestly insisted his English was not good after they complimented him， didn’t know how to accept dinner invitations properly and therefor missed out on going to several lunches，and so on．
他感到自己握手不如美国人那么有力；人们称赞他时，他谦虚地坚持说自己的英语不好，他发现别人的反应异乎寻常；由于搞不清如何适当地接受宴会邀请而错过了几次午餐，如此等等，不一而足。
Eventually，he was so bewildered [vt.迷惑；弄糊涂] that he felt the full impact(冲击) of“ culture shock”． 最终他被搞得不知所措，彻底感受了“文化冲击”。
What is culture shock and why does it occur ? The term was coined about 50 years ago by a Swedish scholar. 什么是文化冲击，为什么会存在文化冲击?这一术语是大约50年前一位瑞典学者最先创造使用的。 His seminal article ,“Culture Shock; Adjustment to New Cultural Environments ”has been reprinted and revised for many textbooks and magazines．
其拓荒之作《文化冲击：适应新的文化环境》为许多教科书及杂志所再版和修订。 He called it “the occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad”． 他将“文化冲击”定义为“突然移居海外的人所患的职业病”。
His use of the word“disease ”is a pun， because it implies that it is like an“ illness” with its own “symptoms and cure”． but also that the root cause is also a feeling of “dis-”ease or unsettled uneasiness．
他用的“disease”这个词是个双关语， 因为它暗示这如同一种“病，有其自身的症状和疗法”，而且其根源也是一种(dis)不(ease)适或心神不宁的感觉。
Think back on your own experience． 回想一下你自己的经历。
Have you ever moved from one context to another ? 你曾从一个环境迁到另一个吗?
Many students feel this adjustment shock when they change from one school to another，or move from a small town to a big city．
很多学生，从一所学校转到另一所，或从一个小镇到一座大城市时，都会感到这种顺应冲击。
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The sensations one feels in new surroundings often include：
在新的环境下人们的感受经常包括：
Feeling like an outsider，feeling unsure of oneself or even feeling stupid； 感到像个局外人，对自己没有信心，甚至感到愚蠢；
Sensing that one’s language skills aren’t good enough，missing jokes，colloquial phrases， references to TV shows or pop songs or other cultural“insider”information；
感到自己的语言能力不足，领会不了笑话、口语化用语的含义，也搞不懂电视节目及流行歌曲或其他文化“内涵”的信息；
Feeling uneasy and unsettled，irritable and increasingly short-tem-pered； 感到不适和不安，易激怒并且脾气越来越暴躁；
Feeling lonely and wanting to go“home”，feeling more and more like a stranger or outcast；
感到孤独并且想要回”家”，感觉愈来愈像个陌生人和被抛弃的人；
Feeling overwhelmed，overloaded，daydreaming，staring blankly at things or even staring at nothing； 感到不能自持．负担过重，想人非非，失神发呆；
Becoming more and more afraid of communicating and of making mistakes，worried anxious． 越来越害怕交流和犯错误，担心、焦虑。 These are all symptoms of initial culture shock． 这些都是文化冲击的最初症状。
With a new context come new ways of doing things． 新的环境伴随着新的行事方法。
Being uninitiated and unsure of what to do ,people usually have a strong sense of displacement in the beginning． 最初若没有积极性并且不知道该做什么，这种移位感通常都很强烈。 But the good news is that we humans are very good at adapting． 但是好在我们人类很善于调整适应。
Though almost all of us undergo some degree of mental stress in this period． after a few weeks or months， we learn how to“read” our new context．
尽管在转变过程中都经历了某种程度的心理压力，数周至数月后，我们就学会如何“解读”新环境， We become aware of the new cues，the new expectations，and the new ways of communicating. 逐渐懂得了新的暗示、新的期望、新的交际方法。
With some trials (n. 考验，磨难，困难，患难) and errors(错误)，and with a 1ot of patience( n. 忍耐)with ourselves , most of us succeed in overcoming culture shock and learn to enjoy our new context．
几经磨练，加上自己的耐心，大多数人成功地克服了文化冲击，学会享受新环境。
Dr.Dong’s visit to the US was only three weeks long，but by the end of the five-day medical conference， 董医生的美国之行仅仅3周的时间，但未等5天的医学会议结束， he was already starting to feel more confident. 他已经开始感到比较自信了。
Sure he felt a little foolish about some of the mistakes he had made，
当然他感到自己所犯的一些错误有点儿愚蠢，
but he quickly learned to laugh at his errors and found that his colleagues smiled with him．
但他很快就学会调侃自己的过错，并发现他的同事也在向他微笑。
This broke down the barriers to communication and helped him build some good professional (专业的)relationships． 这些消除了交流的障碍，帮助他建立了一些良好的业务关系
And after the conference, he contacted 联系the family I had referred him to and had a very nice time visiting them． 会议结束后，他同我提到的那一家人取得联系，并愉快地拜访了他们。
There were some new cultural surprises, but he discovered he could better understand and adapt to them． 在此过程中他又经历了一些新的文化惊奇，但他发现他能够更好地了解并适应他们。
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By the time he returned to China，he was feeling quite positive about this American trip，and was glad for the new experiences and new skills it had given him．
回到中国，他感到此次美国之行很有意义，对此行的新经历和获得的新技能感到高兴。 He had become successful in the initial period in a new culture．
接触一种新文化的最初阶段，他取得了成功，
Though he had gone through some embarrassing culture stresses，each had proven to be a valuable learning experience，and in the end had helped him overcome his culture shock．
尽管经历了一些尴尬的文化压力，但每一次都证明是颇有价值的学习经历，并且，最终帮助他战胜了文化冲击。
Unit 3 Text A
Books书
Knowledge may be acquired through conversation，watching television or traveling，but the deepest and most consistent way is through reading．
知识可以通过交谈、看电视或旅游来获得，但最深入、最经常的途径是读书。
If we consider the literate population of the world， we may conclude that a few spend their whole lives on academic reading；如果我们考察一下世界上有阅读能力的人，便可得出这样一个结论：把整个一生用来阅读学术书籍是少数； many read something light for pleasure， a few dip into something more serious now and then； 多数人只是看些闲书消遣；时常浏览一些比较严肃读物的人也是少数；
while very many men，women and children never advance beyond the sports page of a newspaper，a fashion article or a comic．
而更多的男人、妇女和儿童只看报纸上的体育新闻、时装介绍或连环漫画。
If you have learnt to love books as a child， the reading habit will never desert you． 如果从小就学会爱读书，那么你会永远保持读书的习惯，
But if this has not been your good fortune， you tend to think of reading as a bore． 但如果你没有这种好运气养成爱读书的习惯，你就会认为读书是件讨厌的事。 A few，but very few，come to the habit late in life．
有一些人，为数不多，直到晚年才养成爱读书的习惯。
The circumstances which help to set a child on the path to the literary adventure are：
有助于使儿童走上读书道路的环境是：
a life even barely above real poverty， so that there is scope in the family for thoughts and activities not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living；
有一个略高于赤贫生活水平的家庭，这样的家庭才有机会想些别的而不至于全盘心思为谋生而奋斗；
the availability of free books either at home or in a public library；and the possession （n.拥有）of a character（n.性格） both curious(好奇的 )and independent．
或者家中有书，或者可在公共图书馆借书，做到看书不花钱；本人具有求知欲和独立性。
In order to desire to read one must be curious． 一个人想读书，必须有求知欲。
A few children are able to keep this curiosity and their mental independence alive despite the educational system of their country．
少数儿童不论他们国家的教育制度如何，始终能够保持这种求知欲和思想上独立性。
But many fail to do so either because of an overstrict system where what is most important is memory work； or because of a careless and lazy one where even the basic disciplines of literacy are ignored in the sacred name of free expression． 但多数儿童却做不到这一点, 这要么是由于教育制度过于严格，把死记硬背看作天下第一号大事；要么是由于教育制度松散、使人怠惰，在“自由表达”的神圣旗帜下，甚至连读书写字这样的基本要求也被忽视。
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It is a wonder that at least a few children survive their schooling and emerge as people who can think，people who are open-minded and knowledgeable．
堪称奇迹的是，至少有少数儿童竟然没有被这种学校教育所糟蹋，而是脱颖而出，成为善于思考、思路开阔、博学多闻的人。
Thus，various circumstances are not favorable for the reading habit．
因此，不利于培养阅读习惯的环境是各种各样的，
And we may add to this the worldwide atmosphere of violence（n.暴力） and anarchy（n.无政府状态） ，the New Dark Age in which we live today．
我们对此还可加一条，那就是遍及全世界的暴力行为和无政府状态——我们现在就生活在其中的新黑暗时代。 Many of us no longer have the peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour with a book．
我们很多人再也没有静下来读上一小时书所必需的那种心情了。
But it is precisely(adv.精确地) because of our present(现在的 ) troubles that we should read． 然而正是由于当前存在的各种问题，我们更应该读书。
How， otherwise，are we to understand the nature of hatred，of cruelty，of power polities ?
否则，我们怎能理解什么是仇恨、什么是残酷、什么是强权政治呢?
How，otherwise，are we to take a stand on the serious question of individual freedom and authority ? 我们怎能在个人自由和权威这类严肃的问题上表明我们的立场呢?
How，otherwise，are we to comprehend and perhaps solve these urgent(紧急的 )problems that face us? 我们怎能理解而且可能解决我们所面临的迫在眉睫的许多问题呢?
Ideally then， a school system should be one in which the love of learning，rather than the acquisition of facts，is cultivated；one in which the spirit (精神)of enquiry （n.询问） is encouraged．
因此，理想的教育制度应该培养学生酷爱学习，而不是只是为了获取事实应该鼓励探索精神。 Ideally（a.完美的），family and governmental policy should be to see that we have a great number of books—any books． 而理想的家庭和政府方针应该保证我们有大量的书籍——什么书籍都有。
A person with a book is a real person alive on the earth； without a book he is a foo1． 手不释卷是活在世上真正的人；不然，就是一个傻瓜。
第三课
1、Never desert（放弃） him when your friend is in the trouble. 不要在朋友困难的时候抛弃他。 对比：desert放弃—— dessert甜食；甜糕点
2、To improve national economy（经济 ）is the government’s consistent（一贯地） policy. 发展国民经济是政府的一贯政策。 3、China took a stand on these issues. 中国在这问题上标明了立场。
4、It is wrong to ignore（不理睬） their suggestions. 不理睬他们的建议是不对的。
5、I always prefer（更喜欢） starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute. 我总是先开始工作，而不愿把事情留到最后才做。
6、Please see (to it) that my children are taken good care of when I am away.
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