I. Put the following English terms into Chinese. (1'×10＝10')
所指对象referent 所指论Referential theory 专有名词 proper name 普通名词 common nouns 固定的指称记号 rigid designators 指称词语deixical items
确定性描述语definite descriptions 编码时间 coding-time 变异性variability 表示反复的词语 iterative 表述句 constative
补救策略redressive strategies 不可分离性 non-detachability 不确定性indeterminacy
不使用补救策略，赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行bald on record without redressive actions 阐述类言语行为 representatives 承诺类言语行为 commissives 指令类言语行为directives 表达类言语行为expressives, 宣告类言语行为declarations 诚意条件 sincerity condition
次要言外行为 secondary illocutionary act 等级含义 scalar implicature 等级划分法 rating scales 副语言特征 paralinguistic features 非公开施行面子威胁行为 off record 非规约性non-conventionality
非规约性意义 non-conventional implicature 非论证性的 non-demonstrative
非自然意义non-natural meaning (meaning-nn) 否定测试法negation test 符号学 semiotics
构成性规则 constitutive rules
古典格莱斯会话含义理论 Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature 关联论Relevance Theory 关联原则Principle of Relevance 归属性用法 attributive use
规约性含义conventional implicature 人际修辞 interpersonal rhetoric 篇章修辞textual rhetoric 含蓄动词 implicative verbs 合适条件 felicity conditions 呼语 vocatives
互相显映 mutually manifest 会话含义 conversational implicature 话语层次策略 utterance-level strategy 积极面子positive face
间接言语行为 indirect speech acts 间接指令 indirect directives 结语 upshots
交际意图communicative intention 可撤销性 cancellability 可废弃性 defeasibility 可推导性 calculability
跨文化语用失误cross-cultural pragmatic failure 跨文化语用学cross-cultural pragmatics 命题内容条件 propositional content condition 面子保全论 Face-saving Theory 面子论 Face Theory
面子威胁行为 Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) 蔑视 flouting 明示 ostensive
明示－推理模式ostensive-inferential model 摹状词理论Descriptions 粘合程度 scale of cohesion 篇章指示 discourse deixis 前提 presupposition 前提语 presupposition trigger
强加的绝对级别absolute ranking of imposition 确定谈话目的 establishing the purpose of the interaction 确定言语事件的性质 establishing the nature of the speech event 确定性描述语 definite descriptions 认知语用学 cognitive pragmatics 上下文 co-text
社会语用迁移sociopragmatic transfer 社交语用失误 sociopragmatic failure 施为句 performative
省力原则 the principle of least effort 实情动词 factive verbs 适从向 direction of fit 手势型用法 gestural usage
首要言外行为 primary illocutionary act
双重或数重语义模糊 pragmatic bivalence/ plurivalence 顺应的动态性 dynamics of adaptability 顺应性adaptability
语境关系的顺应(contextual correlates of adaptability)、 语言结构的顺应(structural objects of adaptability)、
顺应的动态性(dynamics of adaptability)和
顺应过程的意识程度(salience of the adaptation processes)。 说话人经济原则speaker?s economy 损－惠等级cost-benefit scale
所表达的心理状态 expressed psychological state 所指 reference 所指对象 referent
特殊性会话含义particularized conversational implicature 条件性的双重言外行为 conditional bivalent illocutionary act 调节性规则 regulative rules
投射问题projection problem 推理论 inference theory 推理模式 inferential model 文学语用学 literary pragmatics 问卷调查 questionnaire 习语论 idiom theory
显性施为句 explicit performatives 显映 manifest
限定语篇长度策略 space-making strategies 相对权势 relative power 相邻对 adjacency pair 象征型用法 symbolic usage 小句含义 clausal implicature 协商性negotiability
新格莱斯会话含义理论Neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature 新格莱斯语用学机制 Neo-Gricean pragmatic apparatus 心理表征mental representation
信息意图 informative intention 行事动词 performative verb 宣告类言语行为 declarations 言后行为 perlocutionary act 言内行为 locutionary act 言外行为 illocutionary act 言外之的 illocutionary point 言外之力 illocutionary force
言外之力显示手段 illocutionary force indicating devices (IFIDs) 言语事件 speech events 言语行为 speech act
一般性会话含义 generalized conversational implicature 意义 sense
因果的、历史的所指论 Causal or Historical Chains Theory 隐性施为句 implicit performatives 优先结构 preference structure
语际语语用学 interlanguage pragmatics
语境 context
语境关系的顺应contextual correlates of adaptability 语码模式 code model 语篇标示 discoursal indicator
语篇性语用模糊 discoursal ambivalence 语言顺应论 Adaptation Theory
语言结构的顺应structural objects of adaptability 语言能力 linguistic competence 语义学semantics
语用模糊 pragmatic ambivalence 语用能力 pragmatic competence 语用迁移 pragmatic transfer 语用失误pragmatic failure
语用语言迁移 pragmalinguistic transfer 语用语言失误 pragmalinguistic failure 语用语言学 pragmalinguistics
与事实相反的条件句counterfactual conditionals 蕴涵、推涵、衍推 entailment 期待的第二部分preferred second part 预先的元语用评论语 prospective MPCs 再表述 reformulations 指号 designator
指令类言语行为 directives
追溯性的元语用评论 retrospective MPCs 指示投射 deictic projection
指示语/指示性词语 deictic expressions 指示性用法 referential use 指示中心 deictic center
准备条件 preparatory condition
着重受话人的元语用评论addressee-oriented metapragmatic comments ( A-MPCs) 着重说话人的元语用评论 speaker-oriented metapragmatic comments (S-MPCs)
自然意义 natural meaning
自我中心性 egocentricity
最大关联 maximal relevance 最佳关联 optimal relevance 配对比较paired comparison 卡片分类card sorting 等级划分rating scales 开放性面谈open interview 引发法elicitation
II. Fill in the blanks with a proper word or words. (2'×10＝20')
1. How did Morris distinguish three aspects of semiotic inquiry?
The use of the term is usually attributed to two American philosophers C. Morris and R.
Carnap, who first introduced the term ?pragmatics? in their study of semiotics in the 1930s. Morris distinguished three aspects of semiotic inquiry, i.e. syntactics (or syntax), being the study of the ?formal relation of signs to one another?, semantics, the study of the ?relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable, and pragmatics, the study of ?the relation of signs to interpreters.?
2. What are the two most important notions in Pragmatics? 3. How does P. Grice distinguish meanings?
The American philosopher P. Grice distinguishes between what he calls natural meaning (meaning-n) and non-natural meaning (meaning-nn). The two terms parallel ?sentence meaning? and ?speaker meaning?.
4. What distinction did Frege make in 1952?
The German philosopher Frege (1952) is generally credited with the distinction between the reference of a linguistic expression, ?that to which the sign refers?, and its sense, an interpretation of the sign, provided by the grammar of the language.
5. What are the two major philosophical theories about reference? referential theory of names and causal-historical theory 6. What are the 2 distinct uses of definite descriptions?
K.S. Donnellan (1966:285-286) called attention to what he called the ?referential use,? as opposed to the ?attributive use,? of a definite description.
7. How many types of deictic expressions are there? What are they?
Deictic expressions in English are usually classified into five main types: person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis. 8. What are the two different uses of deictic expressions?
There are basically two different uses of deictic expressions. They are called gestural usage and symbolic usage respectively.
12. What are the two categories of utterances did Austin distinguish?
Austin distinguished two categories of utterances, which he referred to respectively as ?constatives? and ?performatives.?
9. Who made the greatest contribution to Speech Act Theory in the post-Austinian age?
Most of the contributions to Speech Act Theory in the post-Austinian age are ascribed to the American philosopher-linguist John Searle.
10. What distinction did Searle make about an utterance?
Searle made the distinction between the illocutionary act and the propositional content of an utterance.
11. What did IFID stand for?
According to Searle, IFID stood for illocutionary force indicating devices.
12. What are the two types of rules that govern the linguistic communication according to Searle?
Searle distinguishes two basic types of rules, i.e. regulative rules and constitutive rules.
13. What are the three most important dimensions of variation in which illocutionary acts differ from one another?
Based on his criticism of Austin?s classification, Searle presented his taxonomy of illocutionary acts. He first of all specified 12 dimensions of variation in which illocutionary acts differ from one another. The most important of them are the following three: illocutionary point, direction of fit, and expressed psychological state.