样。
9.由于中日双方尚难以达到互信，因此会特别关注对方的力量发展和如何使用这种力量的意图。Since mutual trust has not yet been achieved, both sides will be especially concerned with the other’s growing power and how that power could be used.
10. The wrong way is to impose layer after layer of regulations and restrictions. 我们认为，强加层层规定和限制的做法是错误的。
11. 而日本也需要从中国的快速经济增长和充满活力的改革中获益，这又成为日本发展对华关系的根本利益所在。
While on Japan’s part, it is of fundamental interest to benefit from China’s rapid economic growth and energetic reform.
信息重心：句子的信息重心通常落在新的信息上。 1. Free markets do what governments mean to do-but can’t. 政府想做却又无法做到的事情，自由的市场可以做到。
2. 如何利用和借鉴日本的工业化技术和经济来加快中国工业化就成为我国发展对日关系的根本利益所在。
The fundamental interests of China’s relations with Japan lie in how to make use of and learn from Japan’s technology and experience to accelerate China’s industrialization.
Unit 12 Education
Globalization for Change in Higher Education Academic institution Concomitant Mobility Ubiquitous Accrue Philanthropic Diverse Elite Brain drain Brain exchange Periphery At a disadvantage Deceivingly看似 Postsecondary education高等教育(中等后教育) Massification The relevant age group Public good 公共利益 Distance learning Classroom teaching Barriers of time or space Interactivity On-the-job training Life-long learning Supportive technology Available to more people=availability 可以让更多的人接受教育 Non-traditional students 无法接受传统教育的学生
Degree program 学历教育 non-degree program 非学历教育 Internet Relay Chat(IRC) 互联网接力聊天 （群聊？）
Skills: 英汉互译中对主语的处理
英语主语突出，汉语主题突出。
1. I know nothing about his complaint about you. 他投诉你的事我一点儿也不知道。 2. I have to keep quiet about this. 这件事我得保密。
3. 你的提议我一定会认真考虑。I am sure to give serious thoughts to your suggestion. 4. 他离婚的事从来没人跟我说过。Nobody has ever told me anything about his divorce.
二、改变原句主语
5. Traditional-aged students broaden their perspectives when they see that retirement does not always correlate to sedentary lifestyles.
当青年学生发现退休并不等于独坐家中苦度晚年时，他们的视野会比以前更开阔。
6. When my mother saw that the hero and the heroine were finally reunited, tears filled her eyes. 我妈妈看到男女主人公最终重逢时，眼里充满了泪水。
7. 学生学习的地点可以是配有通信设备的校园、工作单位或者自己家里。 Students can be at satellite campuses, at the workplace, or at home. 8. 国家大剧院预计在五年内建成。
The construction of the National Grand Theater is scheduled to be finished in five years. 9. The sight of the rice noodles reminded me of my hometown. 一看到米粉，我就想起了我的家乡。
10. 听到这个好消息时，我高兴地一句话也说不出来。
The overwhelming happiness over the good news left me speechless.
三、英语主谓结构与汉语无主句对译
11. Surely nothing more could go wrong during the next hour. 接下来的一个小时里肯定不会再出什么差错了吧。
12. It hasn’t snowed for years here in Shanghai. 上海有好几年没下雪了。 13. 究竟采用哪些技术可根据所授予科目以及学生的特点来定。
It depends on what is most appropriate for the subject and the targeted group of students to decide which technologies to employ.
14.车上只有他一个人，这会儿正打着盹呢。He was along in the bus, dozing off. 四、英汉主语互译
15. They volunteer to help with school activities, donate money via scholarships and other endowments, and strive to have their organization be financially and administratively self-sustaining.他们自愿帮助学校组织、开展活动，通过捐赠奖学金等方式为学校捐款，尽力使学校在财政上和行政上自给自足。 16. Institutions having gerontology programs merely need to look to their campus ILR members to find persons for programming and research opportunities.
拥有老年医学项目的院校只需瞄准校园里的老年学员就能找到参加项目和科研的人员。 17. 远程教育具有灵活性和开放性，不受时空和学习进度的限制。
Distance learning adds flexibility and availability, regardless of time, place, or pace or learning. 18. 师生间的互动以及学生之间的互动也是学习过程的重要组成部分。
Instructor-student interactivity as well as student-student interactivity is also an important part of the learning process.
Unit 13 Festivals
The Origin of Valentine’s Day
Patron saint Shroud Expansion of enrollment Vestige Postage rates To drive evils away To retrieve Shelter/doghole/doghouse Glutinous rice balls Pyramid-shaped glutinous dumplings wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves Each household Painting of door gods Couplets Confinement Murky The Middle Ages Feast day Christianize Purification Hide Sacrificial blood Mating season Absent members没能赶回来的亲 人 Happened to be 正好 Skills: 长句分译、短句合译与节日翻译 （1）英译汉长句的分译
1. The oldest known valentine still in existence today was a poem written by Charles, Duke of Orleans to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt.
在现存的资料中，“瓦伦丁”一词最早出现在一首诗里。该 诗是在阿金库尔战役中被俘的奥尔良公爵查尔斯被囚禁在伦敦塔中时写给他妻子的。
2. Nor do historical accounts describe settlers engaging in such traditional English customs as feasting on boars’ heads or drinking from wassail bowls (bowls filled with spiced ale or wine).
另外，按照英国传统习俗，人们会在盛宴上豪饮祝酒（祝酒碗里盛的是加了香料的麦芽酒和葡萄酒），大啖野猪头。然而这些情景都没有在记载里出现。
3. A World Bank report released at the time of the conference, which ended on 10 November, insists that Vietnam’s overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing. 在11月10日结束的巴黎会议上披露了一份世界银行的报告。该报告反复强调越南经济的全面增长将更加倚重于其本国的政策，而并非外来资金的数额大小。
4. Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.
5. Then there are some backpackers, who in midsummer walk with their packs on their backs to the bottom of the Grand Canyon, regardless of the warning that the temperature is many degrees higher on the floor of the canyon, one mile down, than it is on the rim.
还有一些背包客，背着行囊，冒着酷夏，径直走进大峡谷的底部。虽然早有人警告说一英里以下的谷底温度比谷沿有高出许多，这群背包客却全然不当回事。 （2）汉译英短句合并
1. 除夕之夜吃年夜饭是必不可少的程序。全家人围坐着一张桌子一同分享佳肴，人多的话兴许不止一张桌子。Feast dinner on the New Year’s eve is a must for the whole family that sit at one or more
tables.
2. 新年的早饭是很特别的，北方人吃饺子，南方人吃糯米饭团。
Breakfast for the New Year’s Day is special, jiaozi for those in North China and small glutinous rice balls for the southerners.
3. 要去除这种骨子里面遗传的歧视观念，就只能慢慢启发人们去认识和了解历史上和现在日常生活中种族歧视的邪恶和可鄙。这的确这是缓慢的渐变的过程。
To remove the hereditary discrimination there is indeed only the slow process of gradually enlightening people to the historical evil and everybody pettiness of discriminating on the basis of race.
Unit 14 Environment
The Threatened Environment Acid rain Sulphur dioxide Smokestacks Nitric acid Vulnerability Contaminate Irreversible Hack down Redistribute Forthcoming Sufficiently Deterioration Collectively 共同奋斗/同心协力 Bavaria Congested Refrigerant Resilience Make a sacrifice Quality of life On at full blast空调开得很大 Increased their vulnerability to disease 增加了他们致病的可能性 - 降低了对疾病的抵抗力→对疾病抵抗能力明显下降。√
Day light comes from the sun, which is a mass of hot glowing gas. 日光来自太阳，太阳是一团炽热发光的气体。
The lion eats the zebra that eats the grass. 狮子吃斑马，斑马吃草。
It was recently reported that: 有人、大家、人们、据报道、希望、有人认为…… The radio was on at full blast 收音机开到最大。 I had the gas fire going full blast. 把燃气开到最大。
A lot of smaller firms did not survive the recession. 很多小公司没能度过经济萧条。
It gave him chance to put his ideas into practice.这给他机会将自己的想法付诸实践。自觉地去实践。 空调一代 air-conditioned generation.
Unable to cope with either wind or sun. 经不起风吹日晒。
出汗有助于调节体温。Sweating helps regulate body temperature.
At a conservative estimate the water was nearly a yard deep, even near the edge. 据保守估计，水只有近一码深，甚至接近边缘。
Skills 14: 英语定语从句的翻译 前置法：
1. Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with. 污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。 2. There are more than ten new buildings at the back of the school where I had worked. 在我工作过的学校后面有十多幛新的建筑。 后置法：
1. They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down there lives.
他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
2. Each team plays ten or eleven games each season which begins in September and ends in November. 每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛，每个赛季九月份开始，十一月结束。 3. It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. 是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。
4.Some of the energy is converted into heat, which helps to maintain our body temperature at about 37℃. 能量的一部分被转化为热，来帮助维持体温在37℃。
5. The cowboys and cowgirl who compete are often professionals who travel from rodeo to rodeo through the year.
参加竞技的牛仔和牛妞通常是职业性的，他们一年四季到处巡回表演。
6. It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.
他站住，转过身来，定眼一看，是一个年迈的妇女，她身材很高，体型仍然不错，尽管岁月的磨难使其面容有些憔悴。
7. The activity was postponed, which was exactly what he watned. 这项会议延期了，这正是我们所期望的。
8. But the world attention also is focusing on another step, which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit.
同时，人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上，这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为之感到不安。 溶合法：
1. There is somebody waiting for you who I think might be one of your friends from your native town. 有个人在外面等你，我想这个人可能就是你家乡的一位朋友。
2. There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month. 在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。 译成状语从句
1. Third world countries export their mineral deposit and tropical agriculture products, which bring them desired foreign exchange. 第三世界国家出口矿物和热带农作物，以换取所需的外汇。 2. He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old.他不记得他父亲了，因为他父亲死时他才三岁。
3. My assistant, who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically. 我的助手虽然做实验前仔细通读过说明书，但由于生搬硬套，故未能得出满意的结果。
4. Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families. 人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要他能维持一家人的生活就行。