microstructure and note its general mechanical characteristics. 3. Name seven different types of nonferrous alloys and, for each, cite its distinctive physical and mechanical characteristics; in addition, list at least three typical applications.
7. Describe the mechanism by which cement hardens when water is added.
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
13.1 (a) List the four classifications of steels. (b) For each, briefly describe the properties and typical applications.
13.1 (a)列出四类钢. (b) 简单描述每种的性能和典型应用。 13.4 What is the function of alloying elements in tool steels? 13.4合金元素在工具钢中的作用是什么？ Design Problems 设计题
13.D1 Of the following alloys, pick the one(s) that may be strengthened by heat treatment, cold work, or both: R50500 titanium, AZ31B magnesium, 6061 aluminum, C51000 phosphor bronze, lead, 6150 steel, 304 stainless steel, and C17200 beryllium copper.
13.D1从下列合金中，挑选出可以通过热处理强化、冷加工强化或二者均可的合金：R50500钛、AZ31B镁、6061铝、C51000磷青铜、铅、6150钢、304不锈钢及C17200铍铜。
13.D3 Discuss whether it would be advisable to hot work or cold work the following metals and alloys on the basis of melting temperature, oxidation resistance, yield strength, and degree of brittleness: tin, tungsten, aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, and a 4140 steel. 13.D3根据熔点、抗氧化性、屈服强度和脆性程度讨论下列金属和合金的热加工或冷加工是否可行：锡、钨、铝合金、镁合金及4140钢。
13.D4 Below is a list of metals and alloys: Plain carbon steel Magnesium Brass Zinc Gray cast iron Tool steel Platinum Aluminum Stainless steel Tungsten Titanium alloy
Select from this list the one metal or alloy that is best suited for each of the following applications, and cite at least one reason for your choice: (a) The base for a milling machine. (b) The walls of a steam boiler. (c) High-speed aircraft. (d) Drill bit.
(e) Cryogenic (i.e., very low temperature) container.
(f) As a pyrotechnic (i.e., in flares and fireworks).
(g) High-temperature furnace elements to be used in oxidizing atmospheres.
13.D4 下面是金属和合金列表，从表中选出一种金属或合金最适合于下列应用条件，并对你的选择引证至少一个理由： (a) 磨床的底座 (b) 蒸汽锅炉炉壁 (c) 高速飞机 (d) 钻头 (e) 低温容器 (f) 烟火
(g) 用于氧化气氛的高温炉件