centuries to formulate their codes of conduct. And there is another problem, too: computer usage,
unlike the practice of medicine or of the law, goes outside the profession. We are all computer users now, and we are all to some extent faced with the same ethical dilemmas and conflicts of loyalty as computer professionals. Many of these dilemmas - whether or not to copy software, for instance - are new conventions, let alone established case law. not to mention;not to disturbto be dominated byto realizeto be given withto be subject toto fire somebody;to put something aside;to stop something 电脑用户和电脑专业人员面临的道德问题有很多，其中包括：
·盗版软件真的是偷盗行为吗？软件开发者应该拥有哪种知识产权？·所谓的不侵害他人的电脑犯罪（如袭击银行电脑系统），是否有点比侵害他人的犯罪更能让人接受？电脑专业人员是否该因他们在系统中设立的电脑安全措施不严格而被起诉？·黑客入侵只是一个无伤大雅的玩笑还是一种等同于擅闯、伪造和(或)偷盗的罪行？抑或黑客是我们公民自由的护卫者？
·制造病毒是否该被认为是故意破坏而加以惩罚？ ·秘密储存在电脑中的个人信息是否构成让人难以忍受的侵犯隐私？个人和雇员有权受到多少隐私保护？·谁对电脑故障或电脑程序中的错误负责？该让电脑公司对软件实行担保吗？ ·追求智能这样一个目标是否现实？是否正确？我们是否该把我们的生活托付给所谓的人工智能专家系统？
·如果工作环境全部电脑化会让劳动力技能下降和(或)更加失去个性、更加疲乏和烦闷时，我们是否还该如此呢？
·电脑专业人员在向公众销售系统或展示电脑时，可以就电脑的能力说谎吗？电脑公司锁定客户使用他们的产品，是道德行为吗？
·电脑专业人员该受行为准则的限制吗？如果是的话，又是些什么准则呢？6. The ethical questions faced by computer users and computer professionals are numerous, but they include the following:
# Is copying software really a form of stealing? What sort of intellectual property rights should software developers have?
# Are so-called acceptable than crimes with human victims? Should computer professionals be sued for lax computer security in the systems they build?
# Is hacking merely a bit of harmless fun, or is it a crime equivalent to burglary, forgery, and/or theft? Or are hackers guardians of our civil liberties?
# Should the creation of viruses be considered deliberate sabotage and be punished accordingly? # Does information on individuals which has been clandestinely stored in a computer constitute an intolerable invasion of privacy? How much protection are individuals and employees entitled to? # Who is responsible for computer malfunctions or errors in computer programs? Should computer companies be made to provide a warranty on software?
# Is artificially intelligent
# Should we allow the workplace to be computerized if it de-skills the work force and/or increases depersonalization, fatigue, and boredom?
# Is it acceptable for computer professionals to make false claims about the capabilities of
computers when selling systems or representing computers to the general public? Is it ethical for computer companies to
# Should, indeed, computer professionals be bound by codes of conduct, and if so, what should it include?
为电脑行业制定道德规范存在着一个问题，那就是它没有医学业或法律业那样的职业地位。正如瑞森拉理工学院的德伯拉·约翰逊在她有关这个问题的各篇文章中说，电脑专业人员更像工程师，在大部分时间他们像雇员一样工作，无权单独行事。他们有专业知识，却通常拥有非常有限的自主权。他们常团队而不是单独运作，只从事大项目中的几个小部分。他们常常远离所做工作产生的效果和影响，也没有一个联合的有制度的行业组织。关于他们对老板、客户、同行人士以及广大社会的责任，通常会引起纷争。7. One problem in developing ethical guidelines for the computer profession is that it does not have the status of professions like medicine or the law. As Deborah Johnson of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has argued in her various writings on the subject, computer professional are rather like engineers. Mostly they work as employees rather than in their own right. While they have esoteric knowledge, they typically have quite limited autonomy. They often work in teams rather than alone and on small segments of large projects. They are usually distant from the effects of their work, and they do not have a single unifying and regulating professional organization. Conflicts can occur among their obligations to their employer, their client, their co-professionals, and to the wider society.
尽管电脑专业人员的社会地位较低，但使用电脑储存重要的金融、市场、人事、健康、研究和军事信息，却让那些专业人员--从低微的操作人员到系统开发总管--手中拥有了新型的权力。这种权力不是被刻意寻求的，但电脑专业人员却发现自己拥有了掌握老板、客户、同行人士和大众的权力。这种权力很容易被那些毫无顾忌或易受诱惑的人滥用。8. Yet despite the lower social status of computer professionals, the use of computers for storing vital financial, marketing, personnel, health, research, and military information puts new forms of power in the hands of those professionals, from the humble operator to the chief systems developer. This power is not specifically sought, but nevertheless computer professionals do find themselves in positions of power over employers, clients, co-professionals, and the general public - and it is power that can be easily abused by those without scruples or those who easily fall victim to temptation.