(11)There is also a need to provide incentives to improve cyber-security, be they carrots or sticks. One idea is to encourage internet-service providers, or the companies that manage internet connections, to shoulder more responsibility for identifying and helping to clean up computers infected with malicious software. Another is to find ways to ensure that software developers produce code with fewer flaws in it so that hackers have fewer security holes to exploit.
(12)An additional reason for getting tech companies to give a higher priority to security is that cyberspace is about to undergo another massive change. Over the next few years billions of new devices, from cars to household appliances and medical equipment, will be fitted with tiny computers that connect them to the web and make them more useful. Dubbed “the internet of things”, this is already making it possible, for example, to control home appliances using smartphone apps and to monitor medical devices remotely.
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(13)But unless these systems have adequate security protection, the internet of things could easily become the internet of new things to be hacked. Plenty of people are eager to take advantage of any weaknesses they may spot. Hacking used to be about geeky college kids tapping away in their bedrooms to annoy their elders. It has grown up with a vengeance.
16.Cyberspace is described by William Gibson as ______.
A. a function only legitimate computer operators have
B. a representation of data from the human system
C.an important element stored in the human system
D.an illusion held by the common computer users
17.Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the meaning of the first four
paragraphs?
A.Cyberspace has more benefits than defects.
B.Cyberspace is like a double-edged sword.
C.Cyberspace symbolizes technological advance.
D.Cyberspace still remains a sci-fi notion.
18.According to Para. 5, the designing principles of the internet and cyberspace security are
______.
A.controversial
plimentary
C.contradictory
D.congruent
19.What could be the most appropriate title for the passage?
A.Cyber Crime and Its Prevention.
B.The Origin of Cyber Crime.
C.How to Deal with Cyber Crime.
D.The Definition of Cyber Crime.
PASSAGE THREE
(1)You should treat skeptically the loud cries now coming from colleges and universities that the last bastion of excellence in American education is being gutted by state budget cuts and mounting costs. Whatever else it is, higher education is not a bastion of excellence. It is shot through with waste, lax academic standards and mediocre teaching and scholarship.
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(2)True, the economic pressures – from the Ivy League to state systems – are intense. Last year, nearly two-thirds of schools had to make midyear spending cuts to stay within their budgets. It is also true (as university presidents and deans argue) that relieving those pressures merely by raising tuitions and cutting courses will make matters worse. Students will pay more and get less. The university presidents and deans want to be spared from further government budget cuts. Their case is weak.
(3)Higher education is a bloated enterprise. Too many professors do too little teaching to too many ill-prepared students. Costs can be cut and quality improved without reducing the number of graduates. Many colleges and universities should shrink. Some should go out of business. Consider:
●Except for elite schools, admissions standards are low. About 70 percent of freshmen at
four-year colleges and universities attend their first-choice schools. Roughly 20 percent go to their second choices. Most schools have eagerly boosted enrollments to maximize revenues (tuition and state subsidies).
●Dropout rates are high. Half or more of freshmen don’t get degrees. A recent study of
PhD programs at 10 major universities also found high dropout rates for doctoral candidates.
●The attrition among undergraduates is particularly surprising because college standards
have apparently fallen. One study of seven top schools found widespread grade inflation.
In 1963, half of the students in introductory philosophy courses got a B – or worse. By 1986, only 21 percent did. If elite schools have relaxed standards, the practice is almost surely widespread.
●Faculty teaching loads have fallen steadily since the 1960s. In major universities, senior
faculty members often do less than two hours a day of teaching. Professors are “socialized to publish, teach graduate students and spend as little time teaching (undergraduates) as possible,” concludes James Fairweather of Penn State University in a new study. Faculty pay consistently rises as undergraduate teaching loads drop.
●Universities have encouraged an almost mindless explosion of graduate degrees. Since