He is a good student. He is working hard, ____ (D) A. but B. while C. however D. though ③ 除之外but≈ except(见besides） ④ 仅仅=only
⑤but后可接不定式（but前有do, choose的动词形式省to,有help可省可不省to,否则不
省to）,except后可接句子，这时不能转换cannot but do sth.= can‘t choose but do sth.不得不做…… he has no choice but to give in. by: ① 在……旁,(远近关系: beside＜by＜near)
② 经,由,经过……的旁边,用,通过(方式,手段等,不用冠词,不用复数) come by water/ car/
train
③ 不迟于,到…为止,注意时态:到过去某一时间为止,用过去完成时或一般过去时;到将来某
个时间为止用一般将来时或将来完成时。
We will have finished the work by the end of next month. They had finished the work by the end of last month. By the time he was ten, he had learned three foreign languages. ④按，根据，以……计 What‘s the time by your watch? They‘ll be p[aid by the hour. (by the ton, by the month, by time, by weight) ⑤ 相差He missed the train by ten minutes. The number of the students in our school increased by 30%. ⑥ one by one.一个一个地, two by two两个两个地; by and by不久以后; by far(修饰比
较级‘最高级,强调数量‘程度)……得多,最……He is more careful by far than the others in his class and he is also by far the tallest student among them. by the way顺便说一下; by oneself=alone=on one‘s own单独地 C
call: ① 叫唤,叫,称呼,召集,打电话,拜访 call sb sth. call a spade a spade.说啥是啥，直言不讳；
We call the fat boy ―meatball‖ call sb. (up)=ring sb. (up)=telephone sb.=give sb. a call/ring=make a phone/call to sb.给某人打电话。 receive/get a long-distance phone from sb.接到某人的长途电话。
② call on sb./at sw.拜访……drop in on sb./at sw.顺便拜访, visit sb./ sw.=pay a visit to
sb./sw.拜访(较正式), see sb.看望某人; call back收回,回电话; call for: 需要 (=need), 提倡,邀约, call for sb. to go to the cinema约某人去看电影, call for help呼救; call in: 请(=send for) call in a doctor请医生; call off:把……叫走,取消。The football match was called off on account of the weather. Call on:号召，拜访 call on sb. to do sth;号召某人做； on call:随叫随到的，待命的，随时可支取的。 He has a lot of money on call at any time.
care: ① n.小心，谨慎，关怀，take care (of)=be careful (of) =look out (for) =watch out (for).
②管理under the care of sb.由某人负责/管理。
n ③. care for:担心，关怀，照顾，喜欢，愿意， care for one‘s safety, care for the younger
generation, care for the football game; care about:讲究，关心 (=be concerned about= care for). care about one‘s clothes; take care of:照顾，照料 (=care for=look after).保管；leave…in one‘s care:把……交由某人照管。
④ care: v. care+句子。 I don‘t care who will get the prize.
⑤ careful adj. carefully adv. be careful with your work.对工作仔细， Be careful of your
⑥health.当心你的身体。
careless adj. 粗心的 carelessly adv. carelessness n.粗心 career:职业，专业，生涯，（个人承包的）事业，经历； profession:工作，（受过专门训练的）职业； occupation:工作，职业培训，使从消遣的事情；Job:工作（可数）；work:正式的工作（不可数）。
carry: ①运，挑，携带，传送，无方向，常接较重的东西(与 bring; take; get=fetch不同 )
② carry away运走，拿走； carry off 夺去……的生命; carry on继续,但 go on
with=continue (with)=carry on (with); carry out进行,开展,实现,彻,执行(可接experiment /that /promise/plan/order/instruction/suggestion/policy等)
case: ①in case+句子, ―万一,以防‖,引导条件状语从句;in case of+ 名词 ―万一发生……‖;in this
/that case若是这样/那样的话; in no case 决不,位于句首,用部分倒装; in any case: 无论如何
In case of fire, please sound the fire alarm. In on case can we be careless while driving. ②箱子,盒子,情况,案例
catch: ① 捉,抓住,接住,赶上(反义词是miss),患,理解(=understand=catch).catch:指从空中抓住某
物,又指捕捉等;seize:突然用力抓住;hold:握住,手持;catch/ get/ take hold of抓住某物不放手。
I threw a ball to him, but he didn‘t ____ it. (A)
I went over to ____ him by hand and said ― Thank you ―to hom. (C) A. catch B. catch hold of C. hold D. seize ② catch up with 赶上，超过，keep up with跟上
③catch sb doing sth.突然撞见某人做……。
When I went home last night, I caught a thief ____ into my neighbor‘s house. (C) A. break B. to break C. breaking D. were breaking cause: ①原因；起因（而 reason指原因）；理由；事业
②vt.使发生，引起（=bring about= lead to =result in) What caused the fire? ③促使cause sb to do……=make/ have sb do…… What caused her to do so? certain: ①某种(a certain=some 某一种，某一个)；一定的； 肯定的；无疑的 He is to come. 他
必然会来。 I am certain/ sure of his success. 我确信他会成功。Certain 和sure:都有“确定无疑”之意。对于本人所信赖的事实用sure,对于已确认的事实用 certain, 前者强调主观，后者侧重客观。在这类句型中的两面者不能替换。如： I felt for a time sure of hisdishonesty, but this letter makes me certain of his honesty. 我一度认为他不老实，但这封信使我确信他是诚实的，（反义词） uncertain不确定的。 ②be sure的主语是人； be certain的主语是人或物。
It is ____that he will come here at once. = He is sure/ certain to come here. A. sure B. certain (B)
make sure that/ make certain that 弄清楚，弄肯定，确保；一定/ 务必/ 保证做到。 Make sure that the doors are locked before you leave tomorrow.（宾语从食品厂用一般现在时代替一般将来时）
make sure of/ make certain of 弄清楚，查明
be sure that/ be certain that确信…,对…,有把握 be sure of/ be certain of确信…,对…有把握; be sure to do sth./ be certain to do sth.一定/ 肯定会做某事; It is certain that一定/ 肯定会(不可用sure);
He is sure/ certain that he will succeed. = He is sure/ certain of his success.他相信自己会成功。
He is sure/ certain to succeed. = It is certain that he will succeed.他一定会成功。（说话人而不地他对此有信心）=I‘m sure/ certain that he will succeed.= I‘m sure/ certain of his success. chance: ①机会，多指偶然或或侥幸的机会；而opportunity 一般指有利的机会。get the chance
to do sth:获得做……的机会。 have the/ an/ little/ no opportunity to do (of doing…). Take a chance/ take chances: 冒险，投机； take one‘s chance:碰运气。take/ seize/ get the chance/ opportunity to do…/ of doing: 抓住机会做……。
It is a good chance for us to learn/ of learning English now.
②可能性(常用 数):by chance=by accident 偶然; have no chance of doing/ to do …没有
可能做……;There is a chance that…=( The ) chances are that…= There is a possibility that…= It‘s possible/ likely that…= sb. is likely to do…有可能……,但likely的主语可以是人或物。
There is no possibility of his coming this week.
I found the jewel by ~.可能性我偶然发现了那珠宝。
He is ____ to come here tomorrow. = it‘s possible/ likely that he will come here tomorrow.
A. likely B. possible C. probable D. possibly (A)
---You‘ve booked on a four o‘clock flight?
---What chance ____ of taking an earlier plane?
A. there is B. is it C. there it is D. is there (D)
change: ①v.更换；改变；兑换；变化；change…into…把……变成,change…for…把……换成……。
Heat changes water into steam.
This pair of shoes doesn‘t fit me . could you change it for another pair.
②change和turn: 作为动词,都有 ―变,变成‖的意思,在有介词短语时,两者可以通用。但change作不及物动词，后面不带词语，而turn作为系动词，后面一定要带表语这时不能换。The color change.颜色变了。The color turned red颜色变红了。 ③change n. ―零钱，找头‖, 不可数，是集合名词，没有复数形式。 I have no small change on me.
charge: ① 使充满，装满charge a battery
②使承担…… charge oneself with task/ be charged with task承担任务
③ 指控,把……归咎为 charge sb. with murder ac. cuse sb of 控告某人杀人,charge sth.
upon/ on sb.把……归咎于某人, charge sth. to sth.把……归咎于某事.
④要价,收费,要人支付charge sb.+ money for sth./ for doing sth.因……向某人要价…… He charged me 20 Yuan for repairing my bike.
charge money for sth…因……要价…… how much do they charge for the coat? charge sb. for sth.要求某人支付……
charge for sth .因……收费(vi) do you charge for the use of the telephone?
⑤Charge作名词讲,意为 ―费用,价钱,充电,主管/负责,have / take charge of …主
管……,free of charge= for free= free adv. at one‘s own charge自费; in charge of sth.主管……,负责……, in/ under the charge of sb.= in one‘s charge由某人主管/负责, take charge of…负责……,主管……
You can take as many as you like because they are free of ____. A. fee B. payment C. fare D. charge (D)
cheat: ①cn.骗子;欺骗(指事例); ②un 欺骗(指行为)
③ vt. 骗,骗取 cheat sb. (out) of sth./ money骗某人的钱/某物; rob sb of sth.抢某人东
西; steal sth from…偷某人东西; cheat fool: 都有 ―欺骗‖的意思。cheat指用不诚实的手段骗人的钱财； fool 指为了好玩而捉弄人，有时也有cheat的含义。 ④vi.欺诈，作弊cheat in the examination在考试中作弊。
check: n.检查；批改vt. 校对，核对；检查；批改check in登记住宿，报到；check out:付帐后
离开，办完手续后离开。
choose: v.挑选；选举；选择；决定 Green was chosen(as) leader/ He chose to stay home. choose, select, elect 和 pick: 都有：“选择 ”之意。 choose 指一般性的“挑选，选
择 ”； select指“精选 ”，标准比较严格；而 pick 指 “仔细挑选 ”，也指“挑剔”； 指投票选举；pick out选出； sort out 分类出来。
You may choose a book from these.你可以从这些书里挑选一本。
The finest products were selected and sent to the exhibition.挑选最好的产品送往展览会。
I don‘t know which of the three caps to pick.这三顶帽子我不知挑哪顶好。
close: ①adj./adv.靠近的，亲近的；靠近地 be close to 离……很近, get close to…靠近……; a
close friend亲密朋友, come close.走近些。但Closely=carefully仔细地（类似有： deep---deeply, wide---widely, high---highly, hard---hardly)在表示时间、空间的接近是， close需与介词或副词连用，而near不需要， close在表示的空间上比 near更近， near一般不做定语。不能用 eg: in the near future. (×)
He lives _____ to his father in order to look after him ____.
A. close , closely B. closely, close C. closely, closely D. close, close (A) ②vt./ vi. 关，封闭，结束(=end) He closed his speech just now.
③ close指关（门，窗，店，路，眼，书，银行等具体或抽象的东西）； shut:指匆匆地
关（门，眼，耳，嘴，书等），还可指把某人革某物关起来。 shut off:关掉（煤气，水等），切 断，脱离； shut down:关闭（工厂，学校，机器等）； shut out: 把……关在外面。 The factory was shut down.
collect: vt.收集,搜集 vi.聚集(=gather), collect stamps 集邮 ~ the papers收考卷(名词:
collection: a collection of…一批…..收藏品) collect和 gather: 都有 ―收集‖之意。Gather是一般用语，指把东西集中在一个地方；而collect 则指有计划、有目的地收集。 The singers gave performances to ____ money for some country children. (A) A. collect B. gather
come: ①来，来到，产生 come to sb/ one‘s mind(sight, notice)
②终于，开始 come to know/ realize…, come to stay（来定居） ③ link vt. come true=be realized 变成现实，come loose come apare; come alive 活跃起
来，显得像真的似的 I realized my dream= my dream came true.
④Come about发生； come across偶然遇见或发现=run across=meet…by chance=happen
to meet or find; come at袭击，得到。 A dog came at me yesterday; come for sb./ sth来接，来取。 come forth 出来，涌现； come in进来，进站； come into power=come into office:当权； come on（表劝说，激励，不耐烦等）来！快！ come out(of…) 出来，（花）开出，出版，结果是(=turn out); come to共计 (= add up to/ amount to); 达到……地步,达成 (come to a decision/ an understanding/ an comclusion / agreement),由……继承; come to oneself=come to one‘s senses= come back to life: 苏醒,复苏; come up(从地里)长出,发芽,被提出(=be raised/ be put forward); come up to the stahdarg 符合,达到; come up with赶上,提
出(=put forward= raise); come into effect/ force:生效; come into use:开始使用; come into being:形成,产生 We don‘t know when the universe came into being; How does ti come about that…..?是怎样发生的? It came about like this…事情是这样的……。
common: adj.普通的，一般的，平凡的；共同的 in common with与 ….. 有共同之处， We have many things in common. 我们有许多共同之处，(副词：commonly) common, general, ordinary和usual: common侧重 “普通、平凡”，表示 “时时发生，
人所共人”，并含有 “并不高贵，地位低下”之意味，强调性，其反义词为rare,如： a common saying（俗语）a common wish（一个共同的愿望）； general 侧重 “普通”之意，表示大多数人或物中流行并受到关注，不含有 “地位低”之意其反义词为 specific/ particular: ordinary 与common基本同义，侧重 “平凡的、普通的”，表示 “随便可以碰到，不值得惊奇。”其反义词是 superior;如：an ordinary(or a common) event/ person（一件极平常的事/ 一个普通人）；usual用来指事物，意为 “通常的，惯常的：，含有 ”随风俗或习惯而常常发生“之意，其反义词为unusual 如： It‘s a usual thing with him.这对他来说是平常事。 uncommon 不平凡的。
They held a meeting for the __B__ interests of the third world. A. ordinary B. common C. usual D. popular
communicate:交流，交际，传播。 communicate with…交换……, 同……交流communicate sth.
to sb.把(消息,疾病等)传给某人。communicative: adj. communication: n.
company: ① c. n. 公司；商号
② n./ vi/ vt.交往；陪伴in the company of sb =in comab comp ary 某人的陪同下；for
company: 陪着 keep company with…与…..结交; keep sb company= accompany: 陪伴某人,陪某人同走(无冠词)
I‘ll keep you company as far as the station.我将陪你到车站。 I don‘t feel at home in her company.我和她在一起很拘谨。
He kept company with the girl for years.他和这姑娘交往多年了。 compare: ①compare A with/ to B 把A和B比较
②compare…to…把…比作…/比喻成…Chairman Mao once compared the young to the
sun of eight or nine in the morning.
③compared with/ to…同……相比, 作状语 Compared with the old days, our life is much
better now.
④ compare notes on/ about sth.就……同某人交换意见 Our parents often by comparison
⑤ comparison.比较;对照;类似. by comparison “相比之下”
concentrate: concentrate on…=be bent on…=be determined on…=focus one‘s attention on…专心致
志于……中。
concern: vt.关系到，使有关，使担心，关心。 sth concern sb某事与某人有关。 concern oneself
with/ in sth 使自己卷入，担心。be concerned about 为某事担心，操心。 as far as sb be concerned就我/你/某人来说，或认为≈in orek oppoviou
That doesn‘t concern us.
It‘s not your problem—don‘t concern yourself with it. He is concerned in the new project.
Your parents are concerned about your future.
As far as I am concerned, you can go whenever you want.