Quaker Pennsylvania
贵格派教徒的宾夕法尼亚
The fourth colonial pattern in North America was set by William Penn, an English Quaker who had been looking for a place for his fellow believers to live according to their religious faith. The term \Quakers\was coined by their enemies because the Quakers were so faithful to God that when they spoke of God, they trembled. These Quakers, though they were Protestants, had very different religious beliefs not only from the Catholics, but also from Puritans and other Protestant sects. They denied both the church and the Bible as the highest authority. They believed that people could communicate directly with God because everyone had an inner light and God was in everyone's soul and in man's heart. They believed in God through their faith without the help of church and priests. They did not build any church and did not train any priest. Their religious place of worship was called a meeting place, which could be anywhere. Since everyone had a divine light in his heart, all were born equal, and all were brothers and sisters. People were not born sinful. Quakers had their own way of life too. They lived a simple life, with thrifty and self-denial. They believed that God required everyone to work hard and have a productive life. Even in jail, they busily set about working at crafts. They refused all forms of war and followed a passive resistance. Their religious beliefs taught them that everyone was equal, so they refused to take off their caps to nobles when they met them and even refused to bow to the king. They wore plain clothes and used plain language. They rejected all the polite forms which were used in high society. As they rejected the authority of church, they refused to pay taxes for the support of the church. As a result, they were persecuted, and many of them were put into prison. William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, was such a Quaker.
第四种模式的北美殖民地由英国贵格派教徒威廉?潘恩（宾）建立，旨在为其同门信友寻觅依照他们的宗教信仰生活的安身处。“贵格” 一词是由其敌对者杜撰而来，因贵格派教徒过于虔诚，每当说到上帝时就会“震颤”。虽然贵格派属于新教徒，但其信条既不同于天主教也不同于清教及其他新教门派，他们否认教会和圣经的最高权威性。他们相信每个人都有灵光，上帝就在每个人的灵魂里，在每个人的心中，因此人人都能够直接跟上帝沟通。他们只依靠自己对上帝的信念，不需要教会或教士。他们不需要建筑任何教堂、培训教士，他们信教的场所称为会场，可以设在任何地方。既然每个人的心中都有上帝的神光，因此人人生来平等，人人都是兄弟姐妹，人人生来无罪。贵格派的生活方式也与众不同，他们过着简单、节俭及自我克制的生活。他们相信上帝要求人人努力干活，过着富有成效的生活。即使是在监狱里，他们仍忙
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碌着干些手工活。他们拒绝各种战争，并做消极抵抗。按照他们的教义，人人都是平等的，因此不对贵族行脱帽礼，甚至拒绝向国王鞠躬行礼。他们穿着朴素，语言简洁。他们拒绝上流社会通行的客套礼节，因为不承认教会的权威，所以他们拒绝缴纳供养教会的税赋（tithe????????什一税），因此，受到迫害，众多教徒入狱。威廉?潘恩，宾夕法尼亚的缔造者，就是这样一位贵格教徒。
William Penn's father was the admiral of England and a member of the Church of England. When Penn was at Oxford, he was converted and became a confirmed Quaker. For this, he was thrown into jail, and his father threatened to cut him off financially. All this could not prevent him from his religious determination. In 1681, after his father's death, he used the debt of 16,000 pounds King Charles II (1630-1660-1685) owed to his father as an excuse and asked the king to grant him a right to plant a colony in North America. He received the grant from the king and decided to found a colony for his persecuted fellow Quakers in today's Pennsylvania, (which meant “Forests of Penn”) a name after his father. Before he went to Pennsylvania, he wrote a pamphlet called \Some Account of the Province of Pennsylvania\and circulated far and wide. In the pamphlet, he explained his plan. All those who settled in his land would enjoy religious freedom. This was a great attraction to thousands of people with different religious backgrounds who were being persecuted for their religion in Europe. Another great appeal to Europeans, especially to those peasants hungry for land, was that he offered very easy terms for land. Anyone who would settle in his colony could get some land almost for nothing. Many Europeans were attracted to go to live in Pennsylvania, Germans, French people, Irish people, Northern Europeans as well as the English. When Penn arrived in his colony, he started to carry out what he called \the Holy Experiment\man was not born sinful and everyone was born equal, he encouraged the spirit of liberty and equality. He set no restrictions on immigration, and naturalization was made easier for non-English people. So many American historians believe that the idea of the melting-pot was first practiced here. William Penn also established a liberal self-government. In his colony, there was a representative assembly elected by the landowners, and death penalty was imposed only for the two crimes of treason and murder, as compared with about 200 crimes leading to capital punishment in England at the time. The Quakers argued that religion was a person's private business with God; therefore no government should interfere in his or her religious beliefs. In accordance with Quakerism, William Penn carried out the policy of separation of state and church in his colony. Penn's holy
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experiment had great impact on American culture. Voltaire???????????伏尔泰?(???????????
法国哲学家和作家??always held this colony up as proof that man could lead a good life without
absolute monarch, feudalism or religious and radical uniformity. Some American founding fathers such as Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826, 第三届美国总统：1801-1809）and Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) were inspired by Penn's experiment.
威廉?潘恩的父亲原来是英国国教徒，海军上将。威廉?潘恩在牛津求学时皈依教派，成为一名坚定的贵格教信徒。为此，他锒铛入狱，并且受到父亲断绝经济来源的威胁。但这些丝毫没有动摇他笃信之信念。1681年，在父亲去世后，他用英王查理二世欠其父亲的一万六千英镑为由，要求国王在北美大陆赐给他一片土地，抵消这笔债务，他可以建立一个殖民地。得到国王恩准后，他在今天的宾夕法尼亚州（以其父姓命名， 意思是“宾的林地”）为饱受迫害的贵格教徒建立了殖民地。在赴宾州之前，他撰写了《宾夕法尼亚省的几点说明》为题目的宣传小册子，该文被译成多种欧洲文字，并广为传播发行。在宣传手册中，他对自己的计划作了说明。指出所有定居本地的居民都能享受宗教自由。这对于欧洲成千上万具有不同宗教背景，并因其宗教信仰饱受迫害的教民来说有着巨大的吸引力。他设置了获得土地的特惠条款，对于渴望得到土地的欧洲农民来说，同样特别具有吸引力。任何人只要愿意定居在此，几乎不要任何代价就能获得一些土地。与英国一样，德国、法国、爱尔兰和北欧的许多农民都被吸引到宾夕法尼亚定居。潘恩来到该殖民地后，便开始实施他所谓的“圣洁试验”。根据他的宗教信条“人生而无罪，人人生来平等。”对于自由平等精神他予以支持。他对移民入境不设限，对非英籍居民入籍条件优厚。所以许多历史学家认为，民族大熔炉的思想是首先从这里实施的。同时，威廉?潘恩建立了一个自由的自治政府，在该殖民地，有土地所有者选举的议会代表，只有叛国罪和谋杀罪两种犯罪行为判处死刑，而当时在英国有200种犯罪行为将被判处死刑。贵格教徒坚持宗教信仰是个人与上帝之间的私事，因此政府无权干涉他们/她们的宗教信仰。根据此（贵格会）信条，潘恩在该殖民地实行政教分离的政策。潘恩的“圣洁试验”对美国文化影响深远，伏尔泰一直以此殖民地为例阐述其观点：没有君主专制、封建主义或宗教以及极权政府，人类能够过上好日子。一些美国先驱，如托马斯?杰弗逊和本杰明?富兰克林亦曾受到潘恩“圣洁试验”之鼓舞。
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The American Revolution
美国革命
Those four patterns set by the early colonial leaders were filled with meanings for the future development of the United States. By the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America had developed a similar American pattern in politics, economy and cultural life and enjoyed the same frontier environment. The English people and Europeans had become Americans and they were ready to separate themselves from the Old World. The American Revolution officially proclaimed the birth of a new nation of Americans.
早期领袖们在北美殖民地建立的上述四种模式，对于将来形成的美国来说意味深长。到十八世纪六十年代早期，北美的13个英殖民地已经在政治、经济和文化生活方面发展成了美国的雏形，其共同分享着同一边疆环境。在这里，英国人和欧洲人已经成为美国人，并且已经做好脱离旧世界的准备。美国革命正式宣布了一个新美洲国家的诞生。
On the eve of the American Revolution, while the 13 English colonies occupied the Atlantic coast, from New Hampshire in the north to Georgia in the south, the French controlled Canada and Louisiana. Between 1689 and 1815, France and Britain fought several wars, and North America was drawn into every one of them. In 1756, England and France began to fight the Seven Years' War, known in America as the French and Indian War. The English government invested soldiers and money in North America and won a great empire. The British forces captured several Canadian strong points such as Quebec and Montreal. The Peace of Paris, signed in 1763 between Britain and France, gave Britain title to Canada and all of North America east of the Mississippi River.
美国革命前夕，13个英殖民地从北方的新罕布夏到南方的佐治亚遍布在大西洋沿岸，而同时，法兰西则掌控着加拿大和路易斯安娜。1698年至1815年期间，英法两国数次交战，北美尽被拖入其中。1756年，英法开始了“七年战争”，美国称其为“法国和印第安战争”。英国政府在北美投入了兵力与财力，并赢得了巨大的成功（帝国领土）。英军队占领了加拿大数个重要地区，如魁北克与蒙特利尔。1763年，英法两国签署了《巴黎和约》，加拿大及密西西比河以东全部北美区域的所有权归英国。
Britain's victory led directly to a conflict with its American colonies. The British government argued that Britain had spent large sums of money to defend their American colonies in those wars,
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and that the colonists therefore should pay a part of those expenses. As a result, the British government began to charge new taxes on sugar, coffee, textiles and other imported goods. For instance, with the passage of the Stamp Act, special tax stamps had to be attached to all newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents and licenses. The Quartering Act passed by British Parliament forced the colonies to house and feed British soldiers. But the Americans feared that new taxes would make trading difficult, and that British troops stationed in the colonies might be used to crush the civil liberties which the colonists had heretofore enjoyed. The colonial Americans insisted that they could be taxed only by their own colonial assemblies. \No taxation without representation\(which was coined by Reverend Jonathan Mayhew in a sermon in Boston in 1750) was their rallying ????????? cry. The colonists refused to obey the British laws, so British soldiers were sent to Boston.
不列颠的胜利直接导致了它与其美殖民地的冲突。英政府宣称在上述战争中，它为了保卫其北美殖民地耗费了大量的财力，因此，殖民地的人们理应负担部分支出。结果，英国政府开征了一些新的税赋，如：食糖、咖啡、纺织品以及其他进口商品税。例如，《印花税法》通过之后，北美殖民者必须向英国缴纳相关的报刊、传单、法律文件及各种执照税。英议会通过的《驻军食宿法》强迫殖民地的老百姓为英军士兵提供食宿。但是，北美人担心这些新税赋会给他们的贸易造成困难，殖民地驻扎英军队，久而久之会剥夺殖民者一向享有的公民自由。殖民地人民坚持只向本土议会缴税。“没有代表权就不纳税”（乔纳森?梅修牧师提出）是号召北美人民团结起来一支抗英的口号。他们拒绝遵守英国制定的法规，因此，英国派兵到了波士顿。
In 1773, a group of patriots responded to the tea tax by staging the \Boston Tea Party\as Indians, they boarded British merchant ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor. British Parliament then passed the Intolerable Acts: The independence of the Massachusetts colonial government was sharply curtailed, and more British soldiers were sent to the port of Boston, which was now closed to shipping. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress, a meeting of colonial leaders who opposed British oppression in the colonies, met in Philadelphia. These leaders urged Americans to disobey the Intolerable Acts and to boycott British trade. At the same time, the colonists began to organize militias ?????????? and collect and store weapons and ammunition???????????????in order to defend themselves. On April 19, 1775, the first shot was fired when 700 British soldiers went to capture a colonial arms depot ???????? in a small town of Concord near Boston. Thus the American War of Independence began.
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