Even if he is poor, she loves him. (=He may be poor, yet she loves him.)即使他很穷,但她还是爱他。
Even though he is poor, she loves him. (=He is poor, yet she loves him.)尽管他很穷,但她还是爱她。
(4)whether...or...表示“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”之意。 由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。例如:
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy. 不管你忙不忙,都要参加这个典礼。
Whether you believe it or not, it's true.无论你是否相信,这都是真的。
(5)“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“……都……;不管……都……”,它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如:
No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么,他都不会介意的。
No matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are, you must keep the law.不管你是谁,你都要遵纪守法。
但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。例如:
Whatever (=No matter what) you say, I won’t believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。
I'll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。
Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。
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此外,有时while也可以引导让步状语从句,但一般要位于句首。
例如: While I like the colour, I don't like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色,但不喜欢那形状。
综上所述,我们可以看出,学习让步状语从句的关键是关联词的选用;其次,要注意的是由as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序。
让步状语从句表示:虽然,尽管,即使等概念,由although(尽管), though(尽管), however(无论怎样), whatever(无论什么), whoever(无论谁), whomever(无论谁), whichever(无论哪个), whenever(无论何时), wherever(无论哪里), whether(是否), no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) (无论……), even if(即使), even though(即使)等词引导。
如: We won’t be discouraged even if(=even though) we fail ten times.我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
It was an exciting game, though / although no goals were scored.那是一场精彩的球赛,尽管一个球都没进。(though, although不能与 but连用) Whether you believe it or not, it’s true.不管你信不信,这是真的。 However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it.无论它有多贵,我也要买下它。
Don’t let them in, whoever(=no matter who) they are.不管他们是谁,别让他们进来。 No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks I’m wrong.无论我说什么或怎么说,他总认为是我错。 特别提醒 1.no matter
what(who,which,when,etc。)与whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever,etc。)的区别:
当引导让步状语从句时,两者相同,可以互换,但当引导名词性从句(主语从句,宾语
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从句,表语从句和同谓语从句)时则只能用whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever,etc)。如上面最后两个例句可改为: However pure the water looks,I do not want to drink it。 I want to marry the man I love, no matter who he may be。 下面句子不能用no matter结构:
Whoever comes back firs is supposed to win the prize.(主语从句) I am ready to do whatever you want me to .(宾语从句) 例证:
Whatever you did, I will accept.为让步状语从句. I will except whatever you did.为宾语从句. 2. as 引导让步状语从句的用法:
引导让步状语从句时,as意为“虽然,尽管”,通常从句要倒装,倒装的方法是将从句的表语或状语放在as之前,而用though引导让步状语从句时句字则不必倒装(口语中也可倒装)。
e.g. Heavily as it was raining outside, they started out very early. Young as he is, he knows a lot=Though he is young 或Young though he is, he….
他虽然年轻,但懂得很多。(though 也有这种用法,可以替换as,但although没有这种用法)
though还可以用作副词,放在句末。如:
It was hard work;; I enjoyed it, though=It was hard work, but I enjoyed it.那工作很苦,但是我喜欢干。
3.用though/although, as 引导让步状语从句时,句中不能用but表示转折语气。 不能说:Though he looks weak, but he is healthy.
而
要
说
:
Though he looks weak, he is healthy. 或者说:He looks weak, but he is healthy.
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③宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语,作短语动词的宾语,介词的宾语。 ? 宾语从句:及物动词
Everybody knows that money doesn't grow on trees. ? 宾语从句:短语动词
Please go and find out when the train will arrive. ? 宾语从句:介词的宾语
I am interested in what she is doing. ? 宾语从句:否定的转移
I don't suppose you're used to this diet. 我想你不习惯这种饮食。
I don't believe she'll arrive before 8. 我相信她8点之前不会到。 ④表语从句
在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。 What the police want to know is when you entered the room. This is what we should do.
That's why I want you to work there.
as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。 She seems as if she had done a great thing. It is because you eat too much. ? 虚拟语气:表语从句
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主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。
My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.
Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible. ⑤同位语从句
? 同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案),hope(希望),fact(事实),belief (信仰),news(消息),idea(主意;观念),promise(承诺),information(信息),conclusion(结 论),order(命令), suggestion(建议),problem(问题),thought (想法)等后面。例如: I had no idea that you were here.
She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late. ? 同位语从句:whether
whether可以引导同位语从句,而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。 He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there. I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job. ? 同位语从句:what
what可以引导同位语从句,而定语从句不能用what作为引导词 I have no idea what he is doing now. ? 同位语从句:how
how可以引导同位语从句,而定语从句不能用how作为引导词 It’s a question how he did it.
? 同位语从句和定语从句的区别(1)
同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系;而定语从句是用来修饰先行词,是从属的关系。
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? 同位语从句和定语从句的区别(2)
that在同位语从句中没有词义,不充当句子成分;而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。
? 同位语从句和定语从句的区别(3)
whether, what, how可以用来引导同位语从句;而它们不能用来引导定语从句 ⑥定语从句
定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有:when, where, why等。
关系代词引导的定语从句,关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
关系副词引导的定语从句,关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
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英语句子结构
一、英语从句子结构上分:可以将句子分为简单句、复合句和并列句。
(句子的基本结构是:主谓宾(或许还有 补语、定语、状语、表语)要学会找句子主干。) 1、简单句:只有一个主语和一个谓语动词的句子。如:It will not happen again. 2、复合句:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体,通常可以独立存在;从句则只用作句子的一个成分,不能独立。
句子的某一个成分,主、宾、定、状或表语,是由一个句子充当的。
①如果主语是由句子充当的,就是主语从句。如:That I am late for school will not happen again. ②如果宾语是由句子充当的,就是宾语从句。 如:Mr. Wang knew that I was late again. ③如果定语是由句子充当的,就是定语从句。 如: I was late for school, which is known to all. ④如果状语是由句子充当的,就是状语从句。 如:I was late for school again because John stopped me on my way to school.
3、并列句:由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子称为并列句。并列句中的各个简单句彼此独立,互不依从,但它们表达的意思之间有一定的关系。 并列句中的各个简单句通常用并列连词连接起来。并列连词之前可用逗号,也可不用逗号(但是however、therefore、otherwise等并列连词前后都常有逗号)。 这些简单句常被叫做分句。
二、句子成分:
1、主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如you),数词,动词不定式,动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
2、谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态(主动被动)变化的主角,放在主语之后。 3、宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,如:me,him,them等。除了代词宾格可以作宾语外,名词,动名词,不定式等可以作宾语。双宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾
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语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语。(用介词后置间接宾语) 4、表语:说明主语的状态、性质等。可为形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、分词。 5、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
6、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等,状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动 词、情态动词之后,动词之前。
7、宾语补足语:位于宾语之后,宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
8、同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后,对前者加以补充说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。 9、独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分。感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然,等。
10、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主
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语,构成分词独立结构。
三、简单句的基本句型
英语简单句可分为五种基本句型,其它的句子可看成是这几种基本句型的扩展、组合、倒装、省略。 1、五个基本句式:
(1)Subject (主语) + Verb (谓语) 结构
这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,所谓不及物动词,就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。
He runs quickly.他跑得快。
They listened carefully.他们听得很仔细。
(2)Subject (主语) + Link. V(系动词) + Predicate(表语) 结构
这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类: ①表示状态。这样的词有:be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。 This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。
②表示变化。这类系动词有:become, turn, get, grow, go等。如:
Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。 The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 注意:有些动词同时也是及物动词,可构成主谓宾句式。 He looked me up and down.他上下打量我。
He reached his hand to feel the elephant.他伸出手来摸象。 (3)Subject(主语) + Verb (谓语) + Object (宾语) 结构
这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词,就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语,其
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宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例: He took his bag and left.(名词) 他拿着书包离开了。
Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助。
She plans to travel in the coming May Day.(不定式)她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。
I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意:英语中的许多动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词。
(4)Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+ Indirect object(间接宾语)+Direct object (直接宾语) 结构
这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名词来充当;间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子的影响不大,多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。
一般的顺序为:主语+动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。
强调间接宾语顺序为:主语+动词+直接宾语 + 介词 + 间接宾语。(用介词后置间接宾语) 引导这类双宾语的常见动词有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如:
Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。
The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。 上述句子还可以表达为:
Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.
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The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. ①间接宾语可以紧接动词之后,也可以用to后置。 He gave me a book/a book to me.他给了我一本书。 He brought me a pen/a pen to me.他带给我一枝钢笔。 He offered me his seat/his seat to me.他把座位让给我。 ②间接宾语可以紧接动词之后,也可以用for后置
Mother bought me a book/a book for me.妈妈给我买了一本书。 Please do me a favor/a favor for me.请帮我一下。 ③间接宾语不能紧接动词之后,要用介词后置
They robbed the old man of his money.他们抢了老人的钱。 He's warned me of the danger.他警告我注意危险。
The doctor has cured him of his disease.医生治好了他的病。 We must rid the house of the rats.我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。 They deprived him of his right to speak.他们剥夺了他说话的权利。 (5)Subject(主语)+Verb (谓语)+Object (宾语)+Complement(补语) 结构
这种句型中的“宾语 + 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如:
You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(形容词) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。
His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。 My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词)
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● 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 ● 注意:动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,不带to。如:
The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。
I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上
2、There be 句型
There be 结构是一个重要的基本句型,它由 “There + be + 主语+ 地点状语“构成。There be 表示‘存在有’。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词‘there那里’混淆。此结构后跟名词,表示‘(存在)有某事物’
There is a book on the desk.桌子上有一本书。
There is a desk and two chairs in the room.屋子里有一张桌子两把椅子。
四、并列句
1、常见的并列句结构是:简单句+并列连词+简单句。这种简单句常被叫做分句。 2、并列连词
并列连词(或连接副词)根据不同含义,分为如下几类:
(1)表示连接,常用的有and、not only...but also、neither...nor等。
Right now it's the summer vacation and I'm helping my dad on the farm.眼下正是暑假期间,我帮助爸爸在农场里干活。
Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend. 他不仅是我们的老师,而且是我们的朋友。
Neither did the naughty boy go home nor did his parents come to search for him. 这调皮的男孩既不回家,他的父母也不寻找他。
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(2)表示转折,常用的有but、yet、sill、however、while等。
We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.在美国的南方,我们种植稻谷,而在较冷的北方,人们种植小麦。
The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, yet he couldn't find any work. 这个工人在纽约找工作己有几个月之久,但是仍然没有找到。
Certainly he apologized, however, I won't forgive him. 他的确道歉了,然而我不会原谅他。 Instead, he asked his father why he was not able to hatch chickens while hens could. 他反问他父亲,为什么他不能孵出小鸡,而母鸡却能。
(3)表示选择,常用的有or、or else、otherwise、otherwise、either...or等。 They must be taken away from the heat of the fire, or they might get burnt. 他们必须从炉火边拿走,不然就有可能烤糊的。
Take this bus or else you won't get there in time.搭这辆公共汽车吧,否则你将无法及时到达那里。
Work hard, otherwise you'll be sorry.
努
力
用
功
,
否
则
你
会
后
悔。 Either you are mad or I am. 不是你疯了,就是我疯了。 (4)表示原因,只有for一个词。
They had often heard of elephants, but they had never seen one , for being blind, how could they? 他们常常听说过大象,但从来没看到过,因为他们是瞎子,怎么能看到呢? (5)表示结果,常用的有so、therefore。
It's time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 这是一年中收割稻谷的时期,因此,我每天都从早到晚的劳动。
He worked day and night, therefore, he was able to buy the sports car. 他日夜工作,所以有能力买那辆跑车。
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(6)并列复合句
除以上简单的并列句之外,还有一种较复杂的并列句,叫做并列复合句,即其中的一个分句可包含一个以上从句。
I sucked a finger, but the finger I put into my mouth was not the one I had dipped into the cup. 我吮吸了手指,但是我放进嘴里的指头不是我在杯子里蘸了一下的那个指头。 这句话中的第二个分句即含有定语从句I put into my mouth及I had dipped into the cup。
五、复合句
1、从句的基本概念及其结构
从句不能独立成为一个句子,虽然它也有主语部分和谓语部分。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句的结构通常是:关联词+主语+谓语。 2、关联词(connective)
引导从句的关联词共有下列5类:
(1)从属连词:that(无词义),before(在…前),whether(是否),after(在…之后),if(假如、是否),since(既然、自从), because(因为),as/so long as(只要),when(当时…候),so that(结果)
(2)疑问代词:who, which, whom, what, whose等。 (3)疑问副词:when, why, where, how (4)关系代词:who, which, whom, that, whose (5)关系副词:when, why, where 3、从句的功用和种类
从句在复合句中,可作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等,因此,可分为六类:即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long.这座水坝是世界上最大
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的一座,长3830米。(含有which引导的定语从句)
Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the llth floor.当11层楼起火的时候,大楼内有500人在工作。(含有when引导的时间状语从句) The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page. 由主编决定哪篇报导最重要,应安排在头版。(含有which引导的宾语从句)
Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。(含有whether引导的主语从句)
That is where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。(含有where引导的表语从句) We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。(含有that引导的同位语从句) ① 定语从句
定语从句在句子中作定语,用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。 被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词; 在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。 引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系副词有:when, where, why。 注意:关系副词里面没有how。 如果要修饰方式,用that或in which引导,或者不用引导词。 I don’t like the way (that, in which) he eyed me. 我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。 关系代词:who
关系动词who在从句中主要作主语,在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。 He is the man who wants to see you.
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He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday. ? 关系代词:whom
He is the man (whom) I saw in the park yesterday. (whom在从句中作宾语) ? 关系代词:whose
whose 用来指人或物,(只能用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose cover is green. (of which the cover/the cover of which) ? 关系代词:which(1)
which指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。 They needed a plant which didn't need as much water as rice.
The farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing. ? 关系代词:which(2)
当在which和that面前进行选择的情况下,一下情况要选which:
1.在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词,而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导词。
2. 修饰整个主句。
I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity. 3. 修饰谓语部分。
He can swim in the river, which I cannot. 4. 介词 + which
They are all questions to which there are no answers. 关系代词:that(1)
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that多用来指物,有时也可以用来指人;在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用that,也可用which。
It’s a question that (which) needs careful consideration. (指物,作主语。) Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree? (指人,作主语。) The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Tom’s sister. (指人,作宾语,可省略。) 关系代词:that(2)
在以下的情况中,只能用that作引导词,而不能用which作引导词。 1. 先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。 All (that) she lacked was training. 2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3. 先行词被序数词和the last修饰时 4. 先行词中既有人又有物时
They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited. 5. 主句是含有who或which的特殊疑问句,为了避免重复时 ②状语从句 1 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 2 方式状语从句
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1) as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as…so…结构中
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位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是\正如…\,\就像\,多用于正式文体,例如:
Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 2) as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作\仿佛……似的\,\好像……似的\,例如:
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.
他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。) He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.
他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。) It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)
说明:as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如: He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。 3 原因状语从句
原因状语从句通常由:because, since, as和for 引导
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1) because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗 号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 4 目的状语从句
表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等词引导,例如: You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 5 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导,掌握这两个句型,首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。 比较:so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress
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so many people such a lot of people
( so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配。)
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he can't go to school. He is such a young boy that he can't go to school 6 条件状语从句
连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk. 7 让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些:though, although, as; even if, even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑问词,疑问词-ever。 (1)though, although表示“虽然,纵然”之意。
这两个连词意思大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though较常使用,although比though正式,二者都可与yet, still或nevertheless连用,但不能与but连用。例如:
Although/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。
Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了,身体还很健
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壮。
值得注意的是,although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多,though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例如:
She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 她虽然不用功学习,考试却及格了。
(2)as, though表示“虽然……但是”,“纵使……”之意。
as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形,though间或也用于这样的结构中,但although不可以这样用。例如: Object as you may, I’ll go.(=Though/Although you may object, I’ll go.) 纵使你反对,我也要去。
Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)尽管他学习很努力,但几乎没取得什么进步 Child as/though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
(=Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do.)虽然他是一个孩子,但他知道该做什么。
Fast as you read, you can’t finish the book so soon. 纵然你读得快,你也不能这么快读完这本书。
(3)even if, even though 表示“即使……”,“纵使……”之意。
这两个复合连词的意思基本相同。它们常可互换使用,但意义有细微差别。even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性,而even though引导让步状语从句时,是以从句的内容为先决条件的,也就是说,说话人肯定了从句的事实。例如:
We’ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好,我们也要作一次旅行。
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? 同位语从句和定语从句的区别(2)
that在同位语从句中没有词义,不充当句子成分;而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。
? 同位语从句和定语从句的区别(3)
whether, what, how可以用来引导同位语从句;而它们不能用来引导定语从句 ⑥定语从句
定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有:when, where, why等。
关系代词引导的定语从句,关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
关系副词引导的定语从句,关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
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