intangible; by contrast, technology is concerned primarily with the development of substantial things.
In many cases, technology develops from known scientific laws and theories. Scientists invented the laser, for example, by applying knowledge about the internal structure of atoms. Applied scientific knowledge about chemistry and electronics has given us nylon, pesticides, washing powder, intelligent computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, pollution control devices, and countless other products. Applications of theories in nuclear physics led to nuclear bombs and nuclear power plants. Many technologies arise by way of trial and error, before anyone understands the underlying scientific principles. For example, aspirin, extracted from the bark of a tropical willow tree, relieved pain and fever long before anyone found out how it did so. Similarly, photography was invented by people who had no idea about its chemistry, and farmers crossbred new strains (breeds) of crops and livestock long before biologists understood the principles of genetics. In fact, much of science is an attempt to understand and explain why various technologies work.
Although some forms of technology use scientific knowledge, nearly all science needs technology. Scientists use machines and instruments to collect and analyze data, to perform experiments, and to make complex computations. Scientists would be hard-pressed to get along without such things as paper, pencils, books, test tubes, microscopes, refrigerators, computers, copiers and telephones ?D all products of technology.
Although at their cores science and technology share similar processes (both are essentially trial and error at heart), they usually differ in the way the ideas and information they produce are shared. Many of the results of scientific research are published and distributed freely to be tested, challenged, verified, or modified. The process strengthens the validity of scientific knowledge and helps expose cheaters. In contrast, many technological discoveries are kept secret until the new process or product is patented. Information concerning much valuable technology is never published, but is instead learned “on the job” by industrial workers and passed informally among selected individuals only. The basis of other technology gets published in journals and enjoys the same kind of public distribution and peer review as science.
16. The word “intangible” in Par. 1 most probably means ［A］ insensible.
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［B］ inconceivable. ［C］ immaterial. ［D］ impractical.
17. The advancement of our living generally results from
［A］ sheer technological creations ［B］ widely approved knowledge. ［C］ constant scientific research. ［D］ pure and applied sciences.
18. It can be inferred from Par.3 that many technologies ［A］underlie scientific definitions. ［B］precede scientific principles ［C］conform to scientific interpretations. ［D］confirm scientific understandings.
19. One of the joint features of science and technology lies in
［A］ their mutual independence. ［B］ their originating processes. ［C］ their strengthened validity. ［D］ their common approaches.
20. Science and technology differ from each other in ［A］ the manner of producing ideas. ［B］ the process of delivering message. ［C］ the way of handling key information. ［D］ the method of publicizing new findings.
参考答案
Part A
Text 1: 1. B2. C3. D4. A5. D Text 2: 6. C7. A8. B9. D10. C Text 3: 11. B12. D13. C14. A15. B
Text 4: 16. C17. D18. B19. B20. C
解析 Unit2
Part A Text 1 【文章大意与结构】
本文讲述了巴黎埃菲尔铁塔的由来。文章第一段说，当A. G. 埃菲尔完成该塔的设计并开始建造时，他遭遇了来自方方面面的抗议，人们把他设计的铁塔称
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为巨型怪物。作者在第二段解释了为什么要建造该塔，在第三、四段介绍了建塔过程，指出埃菲尔铁塔已成为欧洲最受欢迎的旅游景点。 本文为记叙类文体，阅读时注意抓住事情的来龙去脉。 【试题解析】
1. 判断题。本题要求对有关事实细节进行判断，一般来说，这类题各选项都需在文中找到相应依据。正确答案为[B]“这座铁塔是在不利条件下开始建造的”，依据文章第1段第1句，注意其中关键词“commenced construction..., a lot of loud protests were heard from nearly every quarter(译文参见［难句分析］)”。 [A]“铁塔在建造之前是按照设计者的名字命名的”，错误，依据第1段第1句“which was to bear his name”，表示过去将来概念；[C]“塔的设计当时被认为是天才作品”，本选项使用的是一般过去时，当时该设计被认为是“monstrosity(巨型怪物)”（第1段第2句）；[D]“铁塔的命名遭遇了广泛的反对”，文中未提及。 2. 细节题。题干前半段的信息是“塔的建造引起了激烈的抗议”，可对应第1段第1句“a lot of loud protests were heard from nearly every quarter”，至于原因应该是紧接着的第2句“Artists...condemned the structure as monstrosity (把该建筑指责为巨型怪物).”，由此可判断[C]“被认为体积和形状巨大”正确。
[A]“花费巨额人力财力”、[B]“未获得最高层人士的赞同”、[D]“未得到世界各国人民的同意”均与文章不符。
3. 细节题。问的是为什么埃菲尔会被授权建造铁塔，依据第2段第3句，其中关键信息是“among the first to employ prefabricated and standardized structural parts to speed and simplify construction(译文参见[难句分析])”，由此判断[D]“他的设计在技术和经济上优于他人”正确。
[A]“他于1876年初提出了建塔的想法”，不对，由第2段第1句可知，该主意最初是为费城百年庆祝博览会而提出的；[B]“他是第一个将设计提交给当局的人”，文中无此信息；[C]“他解决了加固自由女神像的问题”，第2段最后一句说“solved the problem of how to support the Statue of Liberty(解决了如何支撑自由女神像的问题)”，也不正确。
4. 细节题。本题在文中有两处依据，一是第2段第2句“authorized such a structure for their Paris Exposition of 1889”，另一处是第3段最后一句“When the French Exposition opened in May of 1889, the tower was complete”，[A]“为法国博览会的开幕”正确。
[B]“在四英亩的巨型平台上”，文章第3段第2句说的是“the four-acre site(四英亩地基)”，而非“platform”；[C]“高达1,052英尺”，第4段第1句提到，但包括电视发射天线；[D]“使用未来的金属作为建筑材料”，不对，因为第3段第1句
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说“building of his tower with iron”。
5. 判断题。[D]“该铁制怪物的完工只花了两年时间”，正确。依据第3段第2、3句：1887年破土动工，1889年完工。
[A]“铁塔本身的高度大大超过1,000英尺”，第4段第1句，包括电视发射天线，总高是1，054英尺，可以推断铁塔本身并非大大超过1,000英尺；[ B]“铁塔的底楼安装了一年多时间”，文中未提及；[C]“铁塔的主要部件是在建筑工地制作的”，错误，第2段第3句说“employ prefabricated and standardized structural parts”，并非在现场制作。 【词汇提示】
① monstrosity 巨型怪物 ② prefabricated 预先制作的 ③ wrought iron 锻铁，熟铁 【难句分析】
1) When Alexandre Gustave Eiffel completed the design and commenced construction of the tower in Paris which was to bear his name, a lot of loud protests were heard from nearly every quarter. 当亚列山大?古斯塔夫?埃菲尔完成了设计并开始在巴黎建造将以其名字命名的铁塔时，人们听到了几乎来自各方的大声抗议。
本句是主从复合句，其中“which was to bear his name”为定语从句，修饰“the tower”。
2) When the design competition was concluded, the winning entry was one submitted by Eiffel, a builder of bridges who had been among the first to employ prefabricated and standardized structural parts to speed and simplify construction. 当设计比赛结束时，获胜的是埃菲尔提交的一件作品。埃菲尔是桥梁建筑师，他是首先使用预制的标准化建筑部件加快和简化建设进度的人之一。
本句中“submitted by Eiffel”是过去分词词组作后置定语；“a builder of bridges”作Eiffel的同位语；“who...construction”是定语从句，修饰“a builder of bridges”。
3) Within a little more than a year after the first ground was broken in 1887, the four huge inward-facing pillars were in place over the four-acre site, and the tower?s first platform secured 187 feet above ground. 1887年破土动工后一年多一点时间里，四根内向式巨型柱就在四英亩的地基上就位，铁塔的第一个平台稳固在地上187英尺处。
注意前半句中“时间词+after”结构，再如：
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Three months after he graduated from college, he got a job. 大学毕业后三个月，他找到了一份工作。 Text 2
【文章大意与结构】
本文讨论了精神分析治疗法对某些病人的负面治疗反应（negative therapeutic reaction）。作者在第一段说，当医生告知某些病人病情好转时，他们反而会表现得不满意，病情会更糟。在第二、三段，作者分析了这种情况的原因，指出可以从内疚感（a sense of guilt）的角度找到答案。 本文句子结构比较复杂，文章有较大难度。 【试题解析】
6. 态度题。题目大意：在作者看来，一些不寻常的病人会……根据第1段第2句当医生对病人的治疗进展充满希望或表达满意时，病人就会表现出不满意的症状，他们的身体状况总是更糟糕。由此判断，[C]“对医生的期望作出相反的反应”正确。
[A]“公开抵制医生的治疗”、[B]“有意瞧不起医生”、[D]“漠视医生的欣赏”，在文中无相关依据。
7. 细节题。做题依据是第1段第4句，从该句中“but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment(但他们对治疗的进展作出相反的反应)”可以判断，[A]“一个本来给人以希望的治疗常常导致相反的结果”正确。
[B]“局部治疗暂时改善了他们的症状”不正确，依据第1段倒数第2句“Every partial solution...produces...an intensification of their illness”；[C]“局部治疗缓解而不是加剧他们的病情”，错误，依据第1段倒数第2句“they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better”；[D]“正确的治疗方法部分治愈他们的疾病”，不对，仍然依据第1段倒数第2句。
8. 判断题。作者在第1段和第2段介绍了某些病人对精神分析治疗法没有效果，在第3段作者从道德层面进行分析：“a sense of guilt, which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of suffering(一种内疚感，在疾病中获得慰藉，拒绝放弃受罪惩罚)”，由此判断[B]“病人的内疚感阻碍了他们康复”正确。
[A]“必须使病人相信精神分析治疗法”、[C]“病人需要知道对他们疾病的最终解释”、[D]“病人应该放弃患病惩罚”均与文章不符。
9. 推理题。题干意思是：从文章中可以推断出……。本题可以从第1段第1句的用词进行判断：“behave in a quite peculiar fashion(表现为一种相当奇特的方式)”，[D]“对治疗的反向反应综合症是不可思议的”正确。
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