bike key, animal trainer, woman driver 注意:
1. 名词作定语时,一般用其单数形式,且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化。如:
two pencil boxes, girl friends
但是,少数的名词作定语却用复数形式,如: sports shoes 运动鞋 clothes shops 服装店 a sales girl女销售员 a greetings card 贺卡 a customs officer 海关人员
2. man和woman作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化。
a man doctor—men doctors; a woman engineer—women engineers
3. 名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。
the girl friend女朋友—the girl's friend那位女孩的朋友 the woman driver女司机—the woman's driver那位妇女的司机
4. 名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别。 作用。
2、不可数名词的数
(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:
①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如: 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词,可数名词) in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事) win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)
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名词作定语主要说明物质的材料、来源或对象;形容词作定语主要起修饰、限定的
gold watch金表; golden sunshine金色的阳光 heart trouble心脏病;hearty welcome热忱的欢迎 convenience food快餐;convenient food制作方便的食品
Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者 失败是成功之母。
by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历 youth青春 a youth一个青年人 have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情 with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事
②抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如:
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me? It is waste of time reading such a novel.
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
冠词 考点聚焦
一、冠词的基本用法与习惯用法
关于冠词的基本用法和习惯用法,我们要记住这个口诀: 名词冠词不分
家,泛指特指惯用法。
名词冠词不分家:冠词是虚词,不能单独使用,必须依附于名词才有存
在的意义。而名词的可数与不可数,单数与复数等特点反过来也会影响冠词的使用。
1.不用冠词的情况
(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词。 China, America, Smith Air is matter.
(2)可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。 This dictionary is mine.
(3)季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。 March, May Day, National Day, Children’s Day, Women’s Day Have you had supper?
Spring is the best season of the year.
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(4)称呼语或指家用雇用的nurse、cook等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时,一般不加冠词。
What’s this, Father? We made him our chairman. Ask nurse to put the child to bed. Professor Li. (5)学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。 Do you study physics? He likes playing football/chess.
(6)复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。 They are peasants/ workers.
(7)在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。 by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land 但:take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus需注意。 (8)某些固定词组中不用冠词。 ①名词词组中:
husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork ②介词词组中:
to(at, from) school, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university(college),to(in, into, from)church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, to(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot
注意:在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。
in hospital 住院(因病) in the hospital在医院(工作、参观等) in front of在前面,指某物体之外 in the front of在前部,指某物之内
in charge负责,主管 out of question没问题 in the charge由……负责 out of the question不可能 (9)as引导的让步状语从句中,作表语的名词不带冠词。 Child as she is, she knows a lot of French.
(10)系动词turn(作“变成”解)后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。
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The young girl has turned writer. = The young girl has become a writer.
(11)在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词(表示“一个接一个”)结构中,单数可数名词前不加冠词。
She did experiment after experiment.
类似的还有:shop after shop, mistake after mistake
(12)形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有不用定冠词的情况。
①“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时,前面不用定冠词。 Oh, it’s most beautiful.
②当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时,第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。 She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.
③当形容词最高级作表语,不表示与其他人或物相比时,其前不用定冠词。 The market in the country is busiest in winter.
④形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时,不能用定冠词。 A wolf in a sheep’s skin is our most dangerous enemy.
⑤序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第……”之意,但在second、third等词前加不定冠词表示“又一,再一”之意。
…why you took a second arrow
注意:下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军”。 He is a top student in our class; he often gets a first in maths.
(13)no与such连用时应放在such之前,such后面的名词不用冠词。 No such thing has ever happened in this village.
(14)never、ever置于作主语的名词前,这些名词前不用冠词。 Never did student study so hard.这个学生从未学得这么认真。
(15)有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力,或为了引起注意力,省去a(n)或the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。
Conference opens.会议召开了。 2.定冠词的使用情况
(1)使用定冠词的一般情况。 ①特指或第二次提到。
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②序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。 ③用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。 (2)定冠词使用特殊的场合。 ① He hit him in the face.
beat sb. on the nose, take sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head② the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人,穷人,伤员
③ the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two两者中较年长的一位,较漂亮的一个 ④ The sooner, the better.越快越好。
⑤ He got paid by the hour.他是按小时付工钱的。 by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year… 但:by weight按重量
⑥ in the 50s /in the 1870s(表示年代)
⑦ the Smiths/the Whites(表示一家人或夫妇俩) ⑧ in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain ⑨ tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home
⑩ 当抽象名词表示某一特定内容,特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时, 它与定冠词连用: She is fond of music. He is playing the music written by Beethoven. Good advice is beyond price. I’m sorry not to have taken the advice he gave. 3.不定冠词常用的几种情况
(1)表示“一”相当于“one”。I’ll return in a day or two. (2)表示“每”相当于“per”。We have three meals a day.
(3)表示“同一性”相当于“the same”。The children are of an age. (4)表示类指,表示“某类”。He wants to he a doctor. (5)表示泛指,相当于“any”。A horse is a useful animal.
(6)表示某一个,相当于“a certain”。A Mr. Smith is asking to see you.
(7)与抽象名词连用,可以表示“一场、一次、一件”,如:a pleasure一件乐事,a surprise一件令人惊讶的事,a joy一件高兴的事,a pity一件遗憾的事,an honour一个(件)经以为
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