蕾妮·齐薇格及马特·达蒙，也都如此。 获诺贝尔医学奖的哈罗德·瓦慕斯博士也学过人文学科。 甚至迪士尼公司的总裁迈克尔·艾斯纳也主修人文学科。 学习人文学科的有名人士确实可以列出一长串。 显而易见，人文学能为我们从事许多不同的职业做准备，不管是医学、商务、科学或娱乐。 如果我们仅学习数学，我们很可能只能申请数学家之类的工作。 如果我们还学了人文学科，那我们就能突破许多障碍，只要我们愿意付出努力，敢于想象。 9 当然，在当下，如果我们单学人文学科，可能会失去很多机会。 我们每个人都需要尽可能变得技能化、职业化，以满足现代生活的需要。 事实上，技术知识和内在洞察力的结合越来越被看成是建立职业生涯的理想搭配。 如果我是某个医学院的招生部主任，有两个人同时申请我们学校，这两个人都学过基础的科学课程，一个主修哲学，另一个仅是医学院的预科生，我会选择那位哲学专业的申请者。
10 总之，人文学科帮助造就全面发展的人，这些人具有洞察力，并理解全人类共有的激情、希望和理想。 人文学科，这个古老、永恒的知识储蓄库，教我们如何以不同的方式看待事物，同时也拓宽我们的视野。 在现代社会中，人文学科一如既往地同生活息息相关，也发挥着重要作用。 我们在学习中花一些时间与人文学科——我们杰出、非凡的知识宝藏——相伴，这难道不是明智的吗？ 谁知道你将来会变得多有名气呢！
Unit 5
Spend or save — The student's dilemma
1 Do you feel as confused and manipulated as I do with this question, \should I save?\think that the messages we get from our environment seem to defy common sense and contradict each other. The government tells us to spend or we'll never get out of the recession. At the same time, they tell us that unless we save more, our country is in grave danger. Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings. Then the same banks send us credit card offers so we can spend more.
2 Here's another familiar example: If we don't pay our credit card bill on time, we get demanding, nasty emails from the credit card company saying something like: \failure to pay is unacceptable. Pay immediately or you'll be in trouble!\we pay, we get a follow-up email in a charming tone telling us how valuable a customer we are and encouraging us to resume spending. Which depiction is correct: a failing consumer in trouble or a valued customer? The gap between these two messages is enormous.
3 The paradox is that every day we get two sets of messages at odds with each other. One is the \other we could call an \which urges us, \hard and save. Suspend your desires. Avoid luxuries. Control your appetite for more than you truly need.\from political figures referring to \values\work, family loyalty, and the capacity to postpone desires are core American values that have made our country great. 4 But the opposite message, advertising's permissive message, is inescapable. Though sometimes disguised, the messages are everywhere we look: on TV, in movies on printed media and road signs, in stores, and on busses, trains and subways. Advertisements
invade our daily lives. We are constantly surrounded by the message to spend, spend, spend. Someone recently said, \in your bed asleep!\
5 It's been calculated that by the age of 18, the average American will have seen 600,000 ads; by the age of 40, the total is almost one million. Each advertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buying decisions, from the breakfast cereal we eat to which cruise line we will use for our vacation. There is no shortage of ideas and things to buy! Now, of course, we don't remember exactly what the products were, but the essential message is cemented into our consciousness, \good to satisfy your desires. You should have what you want. You deserve the best. So, you should buy it — now!\famous advertisement said it perfectly, \makes me feel good. I derive pleasure from nice things and feel nourished by them. I used to put things off. Not anymore. Today I'll buy new ski equipment, look at new compact cars, and buy that camera I've always wanted. I live my dreams today, not tomorrow.\
6 What happens as we take in these contradictory but explicit messages? What are the psychological and social consequences of this campaign to control our spending habits? On one hand, we want more things because we want to satisfy our material appetite. Most of us derive pleasure from treating ourselves. On the other hand, a little voice inside us echoes those upright messages: \let your attention get scattered. Postpone your desires. Don't fall into debt. Wait! Retain control over your own life. It will make you stronger.\
7 Anyway, many of the skills you need as a successful student can be applied to your finances. Consider your financial well-being as a key ingredient of your university education as money worries are extremely stressful and distracting. They can make you feel terrible and hinder your ability to focus on your prime objective: successfully completing your education.
8 How can you be a smart and educated consumer? Many schools, community organizations, and even some banks offer financial literacy classes. Consider consulting with your school's financial aid office or seek input from your parents or other respected adults in setting up a budget. An additional option is finding a partner to help you stay on track and find pleasure in the administration of your own financial affairs. Most importantly, if you find yourself getting into financial trouble, don't let your ego get in your way; urgently get help with tackling your problem before it spins out of control and lands you in legal troubles.
9 All this will help you become an educated consumer and saver. As you learn to balance spending and saving, you will become the captain of your own ship, steering your life in a successful and productive direction through the choppy waters.
Translation
花钱还是存钱，学生进退维谷
1 你是不是跟我一样对“我应该花钱还是存钱”这个问题感到困惑，且有被操纵的感觉？ 我觉得我们从生活的环境里所获得的信息似乎是有违常识、互相矛盾的。 政府告诉我们要花钱，否则我们将永远走不出衰退；与此同时，他们又告诉我们，除非我们节省更多的钱，否则我
们的国家会处于严重危险之中。 银行提供较高的利率以增加储蓄。 然后，同样是这些银行又提供信用卡让我们可以花更多的钱。
2 这里还有一个大家熟悉的例子：如果我们不按时支付信用卡账单，我们会收到从信用卡公司发来的类似这样的令人讨厌的催缴账单的电子邮件：不还款是不可接受的。请立即缴付，否则后果自负！ 之后，一旦还款，我们就会收到一封跟进的电子邮件，语气和蔼可亲，说我们是多么宝贵的客户，并鼓励我们继续花钱。 到底哪一个描述是正确的？有麻烦的失败消费者还是宝贵的客户？ 这两者之间可是天壤之别！
3 自相矛盾的情况还有，我们每天都收到彼此相左的两种信息。 一种从“纵容”的角度，让我们“买东西，花钱，现在就得到它。你需要这个！” 另外一种，我们可称之为“正直”的信息，它力劝我们：“努力工作，把钱存起来。控制你的欲望，不要买奢侈品，不要垂涎那些你并不真正需要的东西。” 这类信息来源甚多，有学校方面的，有家长方面的，甚至还来自提及传统价值观的政治人物。 艰苦创业，忠于家庭、能推迟欲望是美国价值观的核心，它使我们的国家变得强大。
4 但相反的信息，即那些纵容人们不断花钱的广告，无所不在。 虽然此类信息有时经过了乔装打扮，但仍随处可见，电视、电影、印刷媒介和路牌、商店，及公共汽车、火车和地铁上，比比皆是。 广告侵入了我们的日常生活。 我们时时被包围在花钱，花钱，花钱的信息中。最近有人说：“唯一可以逃脱广告的时候是当在床上睡着时！”
5 据计算，普通的美国人到18岁时，会看过60万则广告；到40岁时，看过的广告总数近百万。 每个广告都在尽最大努力影响我们形形色色的购买决定——从我们吃的早餐麦片到我们的假期将使用哪条邮轮线路。 决不会缺少怎么花钱和买什么东西的广告！ 现在，我们当然不能确切地记得广告上的产品，但重要的信息已凝聚在我们的意识里：“要满足你的愿望。你应该拥有你想要的。你应该得到最好的。所以，你应该买下它——现在！” 一个著名的广告诠释得很完美：“我爱自己。我是自己的好朋友。我做让我感觉舒服的事。我从精美的东西里得到乐趣，并感觉到它们给我的滋养。我过去常想着等一下再买，现在再也不会了。今天，我会购买全新的滑雪装备，看看新型的小巧灵便的轿车，买下那台我一直想要的相机。我今天就要实现我的梦想，不会等到明天。”
6 当我们接受这些相互矛盾但很明确的信息时，会有什么事情发生呢？ 这种控制我们花钱习惯的宣传活动会造成什么心理和社会上的影响呢？ 一方面，我们希望买更多的东西，来满足我们的物质欲望。 我们中的大多数通过善待自己来得到乐趣。 与此同时，我们身体里面有一个微弱的声音与那些正直的信息在共鸣：“当心，要掂量掂量自己的生活，不要让注意力分散。推迟欲望。不要陷入债务。要等待！保留对自己生活的控制权。这会让你更坚强。” 7 总之，一个成功的学生所需要的很多技能可以应用到你的财务中去。 把良好的财务状况看成是大学教育中的一个关键因素，因为对金钱的担忧会让人倍感压力，并让人分心。 它们会让你感觉很糟糕，并阻止你专注首要目标，即成功完成学业。
8 怎样才能成为一个聪明、有相关知识的消费者呢？ 许多学校、社区组织，甚至一些银行都提供金融扫盲班。可以考虑向学校的财务援助办公室咨询，或向父母或其他值得尊敬的成年人请教如何建立一个预算方案。 另外一个选择是找一个合作伙伴来帮你保持良好的财务状况，并在管理自己的金融事务中找到乐趣。 最重要的是，如果你发现自己正陷入财务困境，不要让你的自大妨碍你，在情况变得失控并惹上法律麻烦前，赶紧寻求帮助来解决问题。9 这一切都将帮助你成为一个拥有相关知识的消费者和储蓄者。 学会了如何平衡支出和储蓄，你就会成为你自己的船长，驾驶着你的生活之船，乘风破浪，驶向成功和富有。
Unit 6
Door closer, are you?
1 The next time you're deciding between rival options, one which is primary and the other which is secondary, ask yourself this question: What would Xiang Yu do?
2 Xiang Yu was a Chinese imperial general in the third century BC who took his troops across the Zhang River on a raid into enemy territory. To his troops' astonishment, he ordered their cooking pots crushed and their sailing ships burned.
3 He explained that he was imposing on them a necessity for attaining victory over their opponents. What he said was surely motivating, but it wasn't really appreciated by many of his loyal soldiers as they watched their vessels go up in flames. But the genius of General Xiang Yu's conviction would be validated both on the battlefield and in modern social science research. General Xiang Yu was a rare exception to the norm, a veteran leader who was highly respected for his many conquests and who achieved the summit of success.
4 He is featured in Dan Ariely's enlightening new publication, Predictably Irrational, a fascinating investigation of seemingly irrational human behavior, such as the tendency for keeping multiple options open. Most people can't marshal the will for painful choices, not even students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where Dr. Ariely teaches behavioral economics. In an experiment that investigated decision-making, hundreds of students couldn't bear to let their options vanish, even though it was clear they would profit from doing so.
5 The experiment revolved around a game that eliminated the excuses we usually have for refusing to let go. In the real world, we can always say, \good to preserve our options.\Chinese lessons, but her parents won't stop any one of them because they might come in handy some day!
6 In the experiment sessions, students played a computer game that provided cash behind three doors appearing on the screen. The rule was the more money you earned, the better player you were, given a total of 100 clicks. Every time the students opened a door by clicking on it, they would use up one click but wouldn't get any money. However, each subsequent click on that door would earn a fluctuating sum of money, with one door always revealing more money than the others. The important part of the rule was each door switch, though having no cash value, would also use up one of the 100 clicks. Therefore, the winning strategy was to quickly check all the doors and keep clicking on the one with the seemingly highest rewards.
7 While playing the game, students noticed a modified visual element: Any door left un-clicked for a short while would shrink in size and vanish. Since they already understood the game, they should have ignored the vanishing doors. Nevertheless, they hurried to click on the lesser doors before they vanished, trying to keep them open. As a result, they wasted so many clicks rushing back to the vanishing doors that they lost money in the end. Why were the students so attached to the lesser doors? They would probably protest that they were clinging to the doors to keep future options open, but,
according to Dr. Ariely, that isn't the true factor.
8 Instead of the excuse to maintain future options open, underneath it all the students' desire was to avoid the immediate, though temporary, pain of watching options close. \a big price to avoid the emotion of loss,\easily measured in lost cash. In life, the corresponding costs are often less obvious such as wasted time or missed opportunities.
9 \writes. \sons and daughters is slipping away.\
10 So, what can be done to restore balance in our lives? One answer, Dr. Ariely says, is to implement more prohibitions on overbooking. We can work to reduce options on our own, delegating tasks to others and even giving away ideas for others to pursue. He points to marriage as an example, \ourselves not to keep options open. We close doors and announce to others we've closed doors.\
11 Since conducting the door experiment, Dr. Ariely says he has made a conscious effort to lessen his load. He urges the rest of us to resign from committees, prune holiday card lists, rethink hobbies and remember the lessons of door closers like Xiang Yu.
12 In other words, Dr. Ariely is encouraging us to discard those things that seem to have outward merit in favor of those things that actually enrich our lives. We are naturally prejudiced to believe that more is better, but Dr. Ariely's research provides a dose of reality that strongly suggests otherwise.
13 What price do we pay for trying to have more and more in life? What pleasure and satisfaction can be derived from focusing our energy and attention in a more concentrated fashion? Surely, we will have our respective answers.
14 Consider these important questions: Will we have more by always increasing options or will we have more with fewer, carefully chosen options? What doors should we close in order to allow the right windows of opportunity and happiness to open?
Translation
“关门者”，你是吗？
1 下次你要在两个难于取舍的、主要的和次要的选择之间做决定时，不妨问自己这样一个问题：项羽会怎么做？
2 项羽是公元前三世纪中国古代王朝的一位将军。他带领他的部队横渡漳河，突袭进入了敌方的领地。 他下令砸锅烧船，令他的部队大为震惊。
3 他解释道，他强加给他们的是战胜对手的必要举措。他所说的无疑十分鼓舞士气，但当他那许多忠诚的士兵眼睁睁地看着他们的船只在火焰中被焚毁时，他们并不赞成他的做法。 不过项羽将军的这种砸锅焚船的做法所显示出的天赋，在战场上和现代社会科学研究中都将得到肯定。 项羽将军是一个罕见的不墨守成规的人，他是一位经验丰富的领袖，由于他征战无数并达到了成功的顶峰，他深受尊敬。 4 丹· 阿雷利极富启迪性的新书 《可预见的非理性》对项羽作了专题介绍。这本书对看似非理性的人类行为，譬如人类总想留住多项选择机会的倾向，进行了引人入胜的调查。 大多数人都不能整理自己的思路来做痛苦的选择，麻省理工学院上阿雷利博士行为经济学这门