2018四联法硕考研英语（一）真题及参考答案（完整版） Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points} Tmst is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition 1_ many worthwhile tilings: child caie, friendships, etc. Oil the other hand, putting yom* 2 , in the wrong place often carries a high 4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place tlieir tnist in an individual or an institution，their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and tiiggers the herding instruct tliat prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this honnone puts us in a trusting 9: Li a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half tlie subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were theii* 10 who inhaled something else. 11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask， “What’s in here?” before looking into the container，smiling，and exclaiming，“Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Haif of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty- and realized the tester had \\1_ them. Among the children who had not been tricked，the majority were18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a newskill, demonstrating that they tmsted liis leadership. 19, only five of tlie 30 children paired with the“20”testei* participated in a follow-up activity. 1. [A] on 2. [A] faith 3. [A] benefit 4. [A] Therefore 5. [A]Until 6. [A] selects 7. [A] consult 8. [A] at 9. [A] context 10. [A] counterparts 11. [A] Fumiy 12.[A] monitor 13.[A] between 14. [A] transferred 15.[A] out 16.[A] discovered 17.[A] betrayed [B] like [B] concern [B] debt [B] Then [B] Unless [B] produces [B]compete [B]by [B] mood [B] substitutes [B] Lucky [B] protect [B] within [B] added [B] back [B] proved [BJwronged [C] for [C] attention [C] hope [C] Instead [C] Although [C] applies [C]connect [c]of [C] period [C] colleagues [C] Odd [C] surprise [C] toward [C] introduced [C] around [C] insisted [C] fooled [D] from [D] interest [D] price [D] Again [D] Wlien [D] maintains [D] compare [D]to [D] circle [D]supporters [D] Ironic [D] delight [D] over [D] entrusted [D] inside [D] .remembered [D] mocked 18.[A] forced 19.[A] In contrast 20. [A] inflexible
[B] willing [B] As a result [B] incapable
[C] hesitant [C] On the whole [C] unreliable
[D] entitled [D] For instance [D] unsuitable
partA Directions:
Read the following four tests . Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your anwers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)
Text 1
Among the annoying challenges faching the middle class is one one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for tlieir jobs?
Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs aie at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with tlie middle class
disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle- class occupations-tmcking’ financial advice, software engineering — have aroused theii' interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine. This isnl to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by diiving down prices, and free workers from hard, boiing work. But in the medium tenn, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.
The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age， should be rethinking education and job training. CiuTiculums _from gramniai* school to college- should evolve to focus less oil memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering
problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals tiying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt. The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and macliines. The best uses of 3D printers and viilual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.
Finally, because automation tlueatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This
would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.
Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to tliose who find tlieir lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the macliines tliat are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.
21 .Who will be most threatened by automation? [A] Leading politicians. [B] Low-wage laborers. [C] Robot owners. [D] Middle-class workers.
22 .Which of the following best represent the author's [A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless. [B] Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support. [C] Issues arising fiom automation need to be tackled [D] Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided
23. Education in the age of automation should put more [A] creative potential. [B] job-hiinting skills. [C] individual needs. [D] cooperative spirit.
24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at [A] encouraging the development of automation. [B] increasing the return on capital investment. [C] easing the hostility between rich and poor. [D] preventing the income gap from widening.
25.In tliis text, the author presents a problem with [A] opposing views oil it. [B] possible solutions to it. [C]its alarming impacts. [D]its major variations.
Text 2
view? emphasis on A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Tnunp's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source，Not a president’s social media platform. Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, neaily a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Micliigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a siuvey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users raiely or never trust news from the media giant.
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillfiil at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group suivey of young people between ages 14and24 found diey use ^distributed tnist^ to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those tliat are open about any bias. t4Maiiy young people assume a gieat deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.
Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain， and the United States by the University of \people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.
Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also pennitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along infomiation. A suivey by Bama research gioup found the top reason given by Americans for tlie fake news phenomenon is \more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a tliird say tlie problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem，” says Roxanne Stone，editor in chief at Bama Group.
So when young people aie critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills - and in their choices on when to share on social media.
26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on [A] the justification of tlie news-filtering practice. [B] people's preference for social media platforms. [Cj the administrations ability to handle information. [D] social media was a reliable source of news.
27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to [A] sharpen
[B] define [C] boast [D] share
28. According to the knight foundation suiTey, young people [A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace. [B] verify news by referring to diverse resources. [C] have s strong sense of responsibility. [D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”
29. The Bama suiTey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is [A] readers outdated values. [B] journalists' biased reporting [C] readers，misinterpretation [D] journalists，made-up stories.
30. Wliich of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online [B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend [C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media. [D] The Platfonns for Projection of Personal Interests. Text 3
Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Sei*vice (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in tlie world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is veiy gieat, but it could also lead to fiirther concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the infonnation coimnissionei.，Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital tmst under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 oil the basis of a vague agieement wliich took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.
DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS tmst has mended its ways. Further anaiigements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessaiy pennissions have been asked of patients and all iinnecessaiy data has been cleaned. There are lessons about infonned patient consent to leam. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denliam chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust，since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. But tliis distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives tlie data value.