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肿瘤遍布全身不同的组织和脏器。这些组织包括间质细胞、表皮细胞、造血细胞、神经细胞。因此,ARFMDM2P53通路并不是严格的线性关系〔4〕。
在P53功能缺失的鼠胚胎成纤维细胞中,ARF仍然能够抑制鼠胚胎成纤维细胞的增殖。自由状态的E2F1增多可以诱导ARF的表达,ARF反过来可以和E2F1相结合,来抑制E2F1的转录激活作用。ARF还可以和E2F1的功能伴侣DP1相互作用,促进后者进入核仁而被蛋白酶体水解,但ARF对E2F1/DP1复合体不起作用〔19〕。ARF通过阻止早期核糖体的成熟来发挥其细胞周期阻滞的作用。NPM/B23在核仁中含量较高,它可以通过RNAase来指导rRNA前体的分裂,ARF 通过N 端的214个氨基酸和NPM/B23的B23的寡聚区相结合,来影响rRNA的加工〔20〕。ARF促进小分子的泛素修饰物(SUMO)与解旋酶WEN结合,这种结合方式类似于MDM2与P53的结合,使WEN在细胞核内重新分布,在某种程度上制约S期的复制。ARF还可以和Cmyc的亮氨酸拉链和转录调控结构域相结合阻止其转录激活,对抗Cmyc诱导细胞分化增殖的功能,但ARF并不影响Cmyc的诱导凋亡的功能〔21〕。在P53/P21通路缺失的细胞中ARF可以诱导G2/M期阻滞,ARF通过抑制P34cdc2激酶,同时下调cdc25,使P34cdc2的酪氨酸磷酸化,从而使细胞阻滞在G2期〔22〕。
4 结 语
P16INK4ACDKsRB和P19ARFMDM2P53是两条经典的细
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胞周期调控通路,它们通过RBE2F1汇合于一点,在细胞周期调控中发挥着相辅相成的作用。在许多癌细胞中都发现了这两条通路的功能发生异常,RB的缺失突变、CDK4的过表达或突变、P16INK4A的点突变、P53的突变或缺失、MDM2过表达、P14ARF缺失都能导致这两条通路发生功能异常。然而这两条通路并不能完全解释细胞周期调控的现象。最近研究发现的E2F1除了促进细胞增殖还可作为一种肿瘤抑制因子,诱导细胞凋亡〔7~9〕;ARF的非依赖P53细胞周期调控作用都是对这两条通路的有效补充。两条经典通路中是否还涉及其他未知的分子?E2F1是如何行使促进细胞增殖和促进细胞凋亡的两种截然不同的功能?除了前面提到的分子,ARF还和哪些分子相互作用来发挥其不依赖P53的细胞周期调控功能?这些问题都有待于进一步研究。 【参考文献】
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