-ing, -ed 和to do 现在分词表主动 过去分词表被动 目的要用不定式 主宾要用动名词
一、谓语动词常考点：时态、语态、情态、倒装、主谓一致 二、谓语动词的时态（共有16 种）：
时间：过去、现在、将来、过将（虚拟） 状态：一般、进行、完成、完成进行
三、四级考试中主要考的三个时态：过去完成时、将来完成时、完成进行时
1、过去完成时：到过去某个点为止所完成的动作；在过去发生了两个动作，先过去完成时后一般过去时。
过去完成时与一般过去时常常成对出现。
[P2-53]We _________ our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A) just have had B) have just had C) just had D) had just had [P28-25]Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _________ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.
A) would be B) has been C) had been D) would have been
注：时态题，A和D是虚拟语气，应排除。过去完成时所以选C。
A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _______ from the sort of candles used only in churches. A) had come B) coming C) come D) that came 注：1. because 从句缺谓语
2. 两个逗号中间的found on his clothes 是插入成分
William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _______ defended the right of every citizen to freedom of choice in religion. A) peculiarly B) indifferently C) vigorously D) inevitably
注：1. peculiarly 奇怪地 2. indifferently 冷漠地 3. inevitably 不可避免地
Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick
up wonderful _______ in the marker. A) batteries B) bargains C) baskets D) barrels
[P56-23]Not until the game had begun_______ at the sports ground. A) had he arrived B) would he have arrived C) did he arrive D) should he have arrived
注：Not until 连词，标明从句。主句倒装，从句不倒装。
Not until the vacation had begun did I pay tuition.
Not until I had met Lily did I realize the importance of English.
Not until I had met Lily did I realize that learning English is so easy.
2、将来完成时：到将来某个点为止所完成的动作。
We'll have learned 3000 words by the end of this year. by then 到那个时候 [P8-45]By the end of this month, we surely _________ a satisfactory solution to the problem.A) have found B) will be finding C) will have found D) are finding
[P8-49]Not _________, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.A) obviously B) surprisingly C) particularly D) normally [P26-39]
It’s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _________ by about 10%.A) will have risen B) has risen C) will be rising D) has been rising
注：rise to 上升到 rise by 上升了
[P54-55]Between 1974 and 1997，the number of overseas visitors
expanded ______ 27%.A) by B) for C) to D) in
[P54-54]It is our ______ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A) consistent B) continuous C) considerate D) continual
注：continuous 连续不断的 considerate 体贴的 continual 时断时续的，断断续续的
[P54-56]Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes
useful ______ it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.
A) by which B) to which C) in that D) so that 注：in that 因为
[P26-34]We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _________ view.
A) from B) in C) before D) into
[P25-29]Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _________ through the window.
A) vision B) look C) picture D) view
[P24-66]I have no objection _________ the evening with them. A) to spend B) to spending C) of spending D) spending
[P43-47]My train arrives in New York at eight o’clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _________ by then. A) would leave B) will have left C) has left D) had left 注：时间状语从句，条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。
[P43-51]All flights _________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A) had been canceled B) have been canceled C) were canceled D) having been canceled
注：because of 介词，此句为单句，谓语动词有一个，所以选非谓语动词。独立主格
[P43-53]Remember that customers don’t _________ about prices in that city.
A) debate B) consult C) dispute D) bargain 注：1. bargain 讨价还价 2. debate 辩论，争论 3. consult 咨询4. dispute 辩论,争吵 dispute over
[P45-42]By the end of the year all but two people _________. A) have left B) will leave C) will be leaving D) will have left
[P45-70]Our journey was slow because the train stopped _________ at different villages
.A) unceasingly B) gradually C) continuously D) continually 注：1. journey 旅行2. unceasingly 不停地，连续不断地3. gradually 逐渐地
4. continuously 连续不断地 5. continually 时断时续地，断断续续地 [P44-58]These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season.
A) to that B) besides that C) in that D) except that
[P66-41]By the time you get to New York, I ______ for London. A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have left
[P63-31]By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ______ here for two days. A) will have stayed B) shall stay C) have been staying D) have stayed
3、完成进行时：更加强调时间性。
现在完成进行时为例：They have been standing there for 3 days.
[P16-45]It seems oil _________ from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
A) had leaked B) has been leaking C) leaked D) is leaking
非谓语动词三大类：分词、动名词、不定式 分词常考题型：做状语、做定语 分词作状语形式： ，主谓宾
不管谓语和宾语，只看主语能不能做这件事。 分词作状语题型，不定式不是答案。
永远不是答案的形式：having +v-ed, been+ v-ed, be+ v-ed 过去分词强调被动状态，现在分词强调主动进行。 例：_____, I am listening to the music.
A) Standing by Mr. LiuB) Stood by Mr.Liu 注：看主语能不能发出这个动作，还是动作的承受者来选择是-ing还是-ed [P11-43] No matter how frequently ___, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A) performed B) performing C) to be performed D) being performed
注：“空格+逗号+主谓宾”表示分词作状语。 现在分词的常见形式：
1. 一般式：v-ing 与谓语动词同步发生。 2. being+ v-ed 表示正在被做。
3. having +ed 表示动作发生谓语动词之前。（在四级考试中不是正确答案）
Having destroyed their house, they lived in a cave
[P29-22] ___ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed 注：分词作状语题型。
[P57-68] ___ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. A) To look at B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at
注：分词作状语题型，A和D选项首先排除，situation和look是被动关系，所以选C
[P57-69] A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen. They are a thorough ______ .
A) nuisance B) trouble C) worry D) anxiety 注：nuisance 讨厌的人 单词记忆：
exhaust 使精疲力尽 sting 蜇，咬 bruise 瘀伤 black and blue 青一块，紫一块，遍体鳞伤的
brutal 残忍的 kagroo 袋鼠 cougar 美洲狮 ignore 忽视 ignorant 无知的
ignorance 无知 ambition 雄心，野心 sneer 轻视，
蔑视