现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态, 但其结果却和现在有联系。这个定义至少告诉我们三层含义。其一，动作可以是过去某个时间曾经发生过，相对于现在已经有一段时间了。其二，动作可以是短暂动作刚刚做好的，就像新鲜出炉的面包。其三，动作可以是一直在做，直到现在才戛然而止，停下了手头的动作。以下将对这三种情况的分析。
▲关于第一点，既然现在完成时可以表示过去发生的，那么很多同学就会去想，那岂不是和一般过去时撞车了吗？都可以表示过去，那到底用哪个呢？现在完成时和它唯一的区别是有对现在的影响，可是在一个题干非常短小精悍的题目中，你是很难去界定到底要不要用完成时的。那么我们其实可以用这个方法去辨别 。 1、 如果没有具体的过去时间状语，如last year, the day before yesterday, in the past, 5 years ago. 我们的动作表示过去的话，用现在完成时会更加好，因为它可以表示对现在的影响，而过去时没有，所以更加能和现在有一定联系作用。比如: -- Why not go to see the dolphin show with me? -- Because I ______ it.
A. saw B. will see C. see D. have seen
在这个题目中，问的是现在为什么不去看海豚表演，回答最好是完成时，因为对现在有一定联系。当然如果这个题目变成一道填空题目： I ______ (see) the dolphin show with my friend.
这个题目可以用将来时，也可以用现在完成时和一般过去时，但是如果是主人已经看过了，用完成时会比较好，因为即便没有任何题干告诉你对现在有影响，但是话说回来，有总比没有好，完成时更加全面点。
注意：当然如果题目明确地问过去，回答还是就事论事，回答也用过去时比较好。比如:
-- Did you go to Jim’s birthday party? -- No, I _______.
A. am not invited B. wasn’t invited C. haven’t been invited D. didn’t invite
总结，对于过去产生完动作，没有明显过去时间状语，只有一种情况用一般过去时，那就是问过去，就回答过去。
2、 现在完成时如果单纯表示过去，也有自己的过去时间状语，只不过时间比较模糊，不是很确定，这是和一般过去式最大的区别所在。比如 lately, recently, before, never, twice, three times 等。 有一点需要小小区别下，就是为什么某事做过了两次、三次、四次就是现在完成时呢，而每周一次，一年两次或一月三次就不是现在完成时呢？因为做过了不管多少次都是属于过去的内容，但是时间不确定，所以用现在完成时而没有用过去时。
▲关于第二点，动作刚刚发生，这个语法点是学生最熟悉的，也是学生唯一能理解现在完成时的一种定义。它的时间状语或者标志词是： just, now 等等。如果是过去一直在做，做到刚刚才做好，那么时间状语就是： so far, up to now, by now等等。这个基本上没有问题。唯一需要区分的就是和现在进行时区分。 ▲关于第三点，动作一直在做，到现在为止结束。学生很很好理解现完的这种运用，
但是不知道这个时候有个新的定义，瞬间动词和延续动词。首先，要知道，瞬间动
词也有自己的现在完成时形式，只不过不和一段时间连用。比如： I have bought the book for a month.
这个句子中，buy这个动词，只能强调在一个月内，这个短暂的在柜台前掏钱购买这个动作发生在一个月前。不能表示买好，从柜台离开，然后保存在家有一个月。因此这时就有把短暂动词转换成延续动词的必要，如下: I have had the book for a month 一、现在完成时构成
现在完成时构成：助动词 have (has)+动词的过去分词 二、现在完成时的用法‖
1 、现在完成时的 \完成用法 \
现在完成时的 \完成用法 \指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如： He has turned off the light. 他已把灯关了。( 动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况 -- 灯现在不亮了。 ) 现在完成时 \完成用法 \的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语 ( 如： already ， yet ， before ， recently 等 ) 、频度时间状语 ( 如： never ， ever ， once 等 ) 、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语 ( 如： this morning / month / year... ， today 等 ) 连用。例如： Have you found your pen yet ？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
2 、现在完成时的 \未完成用法 \
现在完成时的 \未完成用法 \指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。例如： He has lived here since 1978. 自从 1978 年以来，他一直住在这儿。 ( 动作起始于 1978 年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years. 我在部队已经呆了五年多了。 ( 动作开始于 5 年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。 )
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语 ( 由 since 或 for 引导 ) ，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语 ( 如： up to now ， so far 到目前为止 ) 等。例如： I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意： (1) 现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如： come ， go ， arrive ， leave ， join ， become ， die 等。(2) 现在完成时常见两种句型：①主语＋ have / has been ＋ for 短语 ② It is ＋一段时间＋ since 从句 例如： He has been in the League for three years. 或 It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。 3 、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念
英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如 ： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive,
reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy 等。 4 、延续性动词的用法特征
(1). 延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示 \段时间 \的状语连用。表示 \段时间 \ 的短语有： for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等。如： I have learned English since I came here. 自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
(2). 延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的 \点时间 \ 状语连用。如： It raind at eight yesterday morning.( 误 ) rain 为延续性动词，而 at eight 表示 \ 点时间 \，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助 come, begin, get 等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为： It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.( 正 ) 又如：
-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years. -That's right. 5 、终止性动词的用法特征
(1). 终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如： The train has arrived. 火车到了。
Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗？
(2). 终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用 ( 只限肯定式 ) 。如：1) 他死了三年了。 误： He has died for three years. 正： He has been dead for three years. 正 ： He died three years ago.
正 ： It is three years since he died. 正 ： Three years has passed since he died. 2) 他来这儿五天了。 误 ： He has come here for five days.
正 ： He has been here for five days. 正 ： He came here five days ago. 正 ： It is five days since he came here. 正 ： Five days has passed since he came here. [说明] 1) 、 2) 句中的 die 、 come 为终止性动词，不能与表示 \ 段时间 \的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：
(a) 将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例： leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold 。
(b) 将句中表示 \段时间 \的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
(c) 用句型 \段时间 +since...\表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
(d) 用句型 \时间 +has passed+since...\表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
(3). 终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如 ： He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
(4). 终止性动词的否定式与 until/till 连用，构成 \终止性动词 +until/till ...\
的句型，意为 \直到 …… 才 ……\。如： You can't leave here until I arrive. 直到我到了，你才能离开这里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. 今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。
(5). 终止性动词可以用于 when 引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于 while 引导的时间状语从句中。 when 表示的时间是 \点时间 \从句谓语动词用终止性动词 ) ，也可以是 \段时间 \从句谓语动词用延续性动词 ) 。而 while 表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如 ： When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach 为终止性动词 ) Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away 为延续性动词短语 )
(6). 终止性动词完成时不可与 how long 连用 ( 只限于肯定式 ) 。如： 误： How long have you come here? 正： How long have you been here? 正： When did you come here?
三、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1 、一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对 \现在 \产生的影响。如：He visited Guilin in 1998. 他 1998 年参观过桂林。 ( 只说明去桂林的时间 )
2 、现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：Jill has bought a new computer. 吉尔买了一台新电脑。 ( 着重点是现在有了一台新电脑 ) 3 、两种时态的区分
(1) 一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是 \助动词 have /has + 过去分词 \。如 ： The film started at 7 o'clock. He has been a teacher for many years.
(2) 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如 ： yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002 等 ； 而现在完成时则常与 just, already, ever, never 等副词和 these days, this week, since..., for... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。看看以下的几组句子，有什么区别？
① Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)
[说明] 你看过这部电影吗？ (A) 句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解； (B) 句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
② He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)
[说明] 他在北京住了 8 年。 (A) 句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。 (B) 句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在不在北京了。 现在完成时练习 1.构成
现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。
2.用法
（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。
如 -Have you had lunch yet? -Yes,I have. I've just had it. 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）
（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。 \\ 如：He has taught here since 1981 他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教） I have't seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。 3．结构 1）． 陈述句结构：主语＋have( has)（not）+过去分词＋其它。 have not=haven’t has not=hasn’t. 2）． 一般疑问句结构：Have( Has )＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？ 3）． 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋have(has) +主语+ 过去分词＋其它？ eg. He has already finished his homework. He hasn’t finished his homework yet. Has he finished his homework yet?
--Yes, he has./ No, he hasn’t./ No, not yet. （3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语―过‖，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。
如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。 4.现在完成时的时间状语
（1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。 如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。 They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。 用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示―曾经‖或―从未―等 如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？ -I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。 例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times the last few days. 近几年他去过那里三次了。
用包括―现在‖在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning (month ,year, term)等。 例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't. 今天你见过他吗？我 没有。
How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次？
（2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示―一段时间‖的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years. 但是，像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示―一段时间‖的状语连用。要用，必须改为―be（在）‖等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：
arrive→be here begin(start)→be on die →be dead come back→be back
leave →be away fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep) get up→be up go out →be out
finish →be over put on →wear 或be on
open →be open join →be in或 be a member of… close →be closed go to school→be a student borrow →keep buy →have catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →know begin to study→study come to work→work等 如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。 The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。
We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。 5.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。试比较： I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到） I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）
6.几点注意事项
（1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示―去过某地（现在已经回来了）‖，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示―去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）‖，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。 如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。
如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以
和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。 现在完成时练习
[Exercises7]A） 用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。 A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________? B: He ____________ to Hainan Island.
A: How long ___________ he ___________ there? B: He _____________ there for three days. A: When will he come back , do you know? B: I’m afraid he won’t come back recently. A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island? B: Sorry, I _________ never ___________ there.
A: How many times ___________ Li Fei __________ to that place? B: He _____________ there only once.
B） 用have/has been to/in, have gone to的各种形式填空。 Where is Jack? He __________ his country. John _______ England since he came back. How long _____ have _____ this village? The Smiths ______ Beijing for years.
_____ you ever ____ America? -- Yes, I _____ there many times. I _____ this school since three years ago.
C）选择填空
( )1.Jim's been to the Great wall before ,__________he? (A)isn't (B)wasn't (C)hasn't (D)doesn't ( )2.She's never been to England, _______she? (A)has (B)hasn't (C)isn't (D)is
( )2.___________has Hanmei been in the library.
(A)How long (B)How soon (C)How far (D)How often ( )3.How long ___he______ the library book .
(A)has, borrow (B)has ,kept (C)has, bought (D)did, buy ( )4.Mr Green isn't in the office , He __________to the library (A)has gone (B)went (C)has been (D)will go ( )5.Mr smith _______to Tokyo and he will be back in a week
(A)has been (B)has visited (C)has sent (D)has gone ( )6.They_________China for two years (A)have been to (B)have been in (c)have gone to (D)have come to
[Exercises10]A）按要求把短暂性转换为延续性动词 ①arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw. → be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be there He got to Beijing five minutes ago.
He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________. I moved to the USA last year.
I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ __________. I went home yesterday.
I _______ ________ _________ home for _________ __________. They came here last week.
They _________ _________ here since _________ __________. ②come/go back, return → be back come/go out → be out He came out two years ago.
He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________. We return to Fuzhou yesterday.
We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since __________. ③become → be
I became a teacher in 2000.
I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________. The river became dirty last year.
The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________. ④close → be closed open → be open The shop closed two hours ago.
The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________. The door opened at six in the morning.
The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours. ⑤get up → be up die → be dead leave sw. → be away from sw.
fall asleep/get tot sleep → be asleep
finish/end → be over marry → be married I got up two hours ago.
I ________ ________ ________ since ________ ________. He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes. My grandpa died in 2002.
My grandpa _______ _______ ________for _______ ________. The meeting finished at six.
The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours. I got to sleep two hours ago.
I ________ _________ _________ since _________ __________. They married in 1990.
They ________ _________ __________since _________. ⑥start/begin to do sth. → do sth. begin → be on I began to teach at this school in 1995. I ____ ____ at this school since ____. The film began two minutes ago.
The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.
⑦borrow → keep lose → not have buy → have put on → wear catch/get a cold → have a cold get to know → know They borrowed it last week.
They _________ _________ it since __________ __________. I bought a pen two hours ago.
I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________. I got to know him last year.
I _________ __________ him since __________ __________. I put on my glasses three years ago.
I __________ __________ my glasses for _________ _________. ⑧have/has gone to → have been in He has gone to Beijing.
He ____ ____ _____ Beijing for two days. ⑨join the league/the Party/the army
→ be a league/a Party member/a soldier → be a member of the league/the Party → be in the league/the Party/the army He joined the league in 2002.
He ________ _________ a _________ _________ for two years.
He ________ __________ a __________ ___________ the __________ for two years. He ____________ ___________ ___________ the league for two years. My brother joined the army two years ago.
My brother __________ __________ a ___________ for ___________ ___________. My brother ___________ ___________ in ____________ ___________ for two years. C）选择填空
( )2.Herfather ______in1990 and her husband ______for more than five years (A)died ,dead (B)has died, dead(C)died ,has been dead (D)has died, has died ( )3.I have _____this nice watch for two years (A)had (B)bought (C)borrowed (D)lend ( )4.He _____his home for ten years
(A)has left (B)left from (C)has been away from (D)was away from ( )5.He _____a league member for three years
(A)is (B)has been (C)has become (D)have become ( )6.Lihua's brother has _______for two years (A)joined the army (B)been an army (C)become a soldier (D)been in the army
( )7.He hasn't _____Quanzhou ever since he left school (A)left (B)been away (C)been (D)away
[Exercises 11] 选择填空
( )1. ——Have you finished your homework ——Yes, I _______it last night
(A)finish (B)finished (C)have finished (D)will finish ( )2.—— ________you ever _______to Nanjing ——Yes, I ______there last year.
(A)Have…gone, have gone (B)Have…been , went (C)Did…go, went (D)Did…go, has , been
( )3.——When _______you ________Lucy in New York? ——I _________here for two years
(A)did…meet, haven't seen (B)did…meet, haven't seen (C)did…meet, don't see (D)would…meet, hadn't seen ( )4.when_ you to Beijing? ( )3.He ______finished his homework. yet
(A)doesn’t (B)haven’t (C) hasn’t (D) doesn’t have ( )1.——Have you ________traveled on the train. ——Yes, I have.
(A)never (B)ever (C)just (D)yet
( )2.——Have you finished your homework ——Not__________ .
(A)ever (B)already (C)yet (D)just
( )3. We haven't finished our homework . (A)already (B)ever (C)yet (D)never
( )4.——Have you__________ learned English? ——Yes, I've ________learned a lot.
(A)never, ever (B)ever, never (C)ever, already (D)already. ever ( )5.——Have you finished your homework ________? ——Yes, I've _____done that
(A)yet, already (B)already, yet (C)ever, never (D)still, just ( )6.John's father _______borrowed some pictures
(A)have already (B)has just (C)have ever (D)has yet [Exercises4] A）用since和for填空
1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock
7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here
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B）用since和for填空
1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 2. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. ( )1.I've been like this ever since _________
(A)last week (B) for a week (C) a week before (D)the last week ( )2.My mother has worked in this factory _____2 years.