文献出处：Sparks M. The research of talk show in American [J]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2015, 6(2): 27-38. 原文
The research of talk show in American
Sparks M
Abstract
Talk show is a subject put forward by the audience gathered to discuss a host of radio or television program. Talk show has a list of the guest, usually by the learned or specific problems of the program group of people with special experience. TV talk show originating in the United States, in the early 1990 s, the talk show is one of the most popular programs in the United States form. As the birthplace of talk show, talk shows its mode and management concept is relatively mature, has the very high research value.
Keywords: Talk show; The brand; Contrast; The host 1 Introduction
TV talk show in the United States has decades of history, in the fierce media competition environment, the talk show has held each big television viewing the boss chair, become a television ratings guarantee and evergreen. Such as the first American TV talk show tonight, and then the jay leno show, \·winfrey show, \wide attention of television audiences around the world. Talk show on the performance of the form, not only have the audience to participate in the talk show, and the presence of a live audience talk show, not only with guest talk show, there are also not to bring a guest of the talk shows, not only has the talk show at the scene of the studio to record, also has used satellite communication technology for different regions the talk show guests to communicate at the same time. A growing number of TV talk show began to consciously pursuing the improvement of production quality. Before started, a lot of talk show production department will invite experts to elaborate, hope to show a premiere; can attract the audience in a relatively mature style. This kind of conscious activity to promote the TV talk show becomes more
mature. 2 An overview
TV talk show first evolved by the radio talk show, talk show early form just invited experts to some social hot issues; guide the public opinion direction, program form relatively serious. With the development of the social environment and evolution, talk show gradually evolved into a now the relaxing program form. 2.1 Characteristics and classification
Talk Show is a kind of form is given priority to with Talk of a television or radio, called the Talk Show in the United States, the UK is called Chat Show, the host and guest, the audience at the studio to discuss all kinds of social, political, emotional, and life. Such programs generally the scene atmosphere relaxed, the host and the guest communication natural smooth, seemingly without thinking, if you can blurt out, thus the image translation as a talk show. Talk show is the behavior around talking process and construction of TV programs, the talk show and other types of programs, such as TV, news, etc. Talk show has the following three characteristics:
Talk show is an ongoing conversation, regardless of the program is recorded in advance or live, talk show should build a real-time conversation. Talk show is with commodity attribute, ratings are important factors to measure the success of a talk show, so the nature of the talk shows are required to meet the needs of the audience for the first goal. Talk show is not news, is not condescending preach, more is not to entertain. It is to provide information, and entertainment.
American talk show generally divided into daytime talk show and talk show at night, and the daytime talk show as the main form.\The oprah·winfrey show\\show, their styles are mostly or relaxing or warm living dial, content is good and bad are intermingled, but involve families, emotions and health topics. Daytime talk show the cost is low, but the ratings and economic benefit is very considerable. 3 Medium environments
The United States is a capitalist country, support is a liberal country, is also a country of commercialization. The media industry and the social transmission system
in the United States is a highly developed, relatively perfect legal system, social system and media interest maximization is the goal of the American society from all walks of life, the profit is the primary goal of the media industry. Such social system easy to breed pragmatism and utilitarianism, TV programs may appear vulgar to flatter the phenomenon. But the commercial management pattern also let us TV producer in program spends a great deal of care in innovative and attractive. American television shows is a tool for profit, operating in the form of private ownership and operation mode is to follow the law of the capitalist market. Benefit maximization is talk show producers to produce high ratings and high visibility of talk show of power source. So show producer conflict is in favor of sensitive topic or program on the spot. In addition, about 93% of the talk shows Production Company, owned by the private or company. Although the control of TV programs are still in the hands of the government, but the body of the talk show operation is still private, no administrative properties. Based on a talk show program production and broadcast company completely commercial operation mode, the maximum gain a competitive edge in the market is their business philosophy and the law of survival. Production and broadcast the talk-show TV are mostly is given priority to with private property rights, property rights structure, at the same time of private property rights as the main body structure and contains a variety of economic structure. 4 Brand strategies
Brand strategy is a kind of identification, trust and loyalty for the program to develop strategy, American TV talk show has always attach importance to brand building, it does not have the characteristics of the style and stable viewers proof that the American talk show the feasibility of brand strategy. As the birthplace of the television talk show, on development of American talk show. In the development of many years of exploration, the United States has unique a talk show brand development strategy, and the more high-quality goods show to the world, get the audience's cognitive world. Talk show, began in the 1970 s American TV brand shaping and maintenance of the established American talk show \popular, presenter jenny Carson prefer to sit in on current affairs and political
cynicism, after the big round table with ridicule read serious political news. American viewers see jenny Carson appear on other occasions, will think of \jenny to Carson\tonight \a recognizable high brand image. Column is the brand strategy of important patterns of the implementation of the column usually in the host selection and cultivation of personality as the top priority. General has a regular American talk show host, the host long-term fixed in a column, with its own brand personality to shape of brand personality. Such as oprah winfrey, larry king, jenny Carson, etc, the veteran presenter a lifetime only work on a talk show, made enduring contribution to columns brand shaping. As a column, the appearance of the host plays an important role in strengthening columns brand, a high attention of columns can be quickly boomed a host, and a well-known host also can let the program quickly set up the brand image. Fixed form of columns, plates, style built with long-term fixed host a talk show program brand, it provides the audience with a quality standard and credit guarantee. 5 Host and topic choice
In general in the United States, the talk show host names, host's personality determines the style of the show. Based on some good talk show view us study found that American talk show host has the following features: (1) The host pays attention to image packaging
American talk show host is often not confined to host an identity; they are often active in various kinds of social activities and charity activities. Some host or even well-known movie or TV stars, they will be through a variety of ways to increase positive exposure, by increasing their visibility to raise public awareness of programs. (2) The host experience
Most American talk show host has a wealth of experience; the host often is not their first job. American talk show host has various and complex career, they are more experience in a workout, program language, stage performance, the respect such as news perspectives than regular born hosts more unique and outstanding. Such as \show host Ellen, before entering the hostesses who is suffered many hardships, done a lot of professional, from the initial restaurant waitress to burlesque
performer, ups and downs of life experience to let her fall in hosting programs in the process of much an intelligent sense of humor. (3) The host fixed
Most American talk show host once identified, will this talk show hosts for a long time. American talk show host status, column named after the host emphasized the irreplace of the host, because Alan, the only one in the world. Sometimes, the host for some irresistible reasons out a show, then the program will be canceled with host's departure. Such as oprah winfrey started from 19% into the eponymous show \oprah winfrey show presenter, presided over the show in oprah's unique charm for 16 years in the world under the impetus of the same kind of TV shows, by 2011, the brilliant for 25 years show because of the leave of oprah winfrey. Veteran presenter jenny Carson hosting the tonight shows \译文
脱口秀节目研究
Sparks M
摘要
脱口秀是指一种观众聚集在一起讨论主持人提出的话题的广播或电视节目。一般脱口秀都有一列嘉宾席，通常由有学问的或者对那档节目的特定问题有特殊经验的人组。电视脱口秀节目最早起源于美国，早在20世纪90年代，脱口秀节目就成为了美国最流行的节目形态之一。作为脱口秀节目的发源地，其脱口秀节目创作模式和经营理念相对成熟，具有很高的研究价值。 关键词：脱口秀；节目品牌；对比；主持人 1引言
电视脱口秀节目在美国已有几十年的历史，在激烈的媒介竞争环境中，脱口秀节目一直稳坐各大电视台收视老大的交椅，成为电视界的收视保证和常青节目。比如最早的美国电视脱口秀节目《今夜》，以及后来的《杰·雷诺今夜秀》、《奥普拉·温弗瑞脱口秀》、《艾伦秀》等不仅在美国受到了强烈追捧，更引起了全世界电视受众的广泛关注。脱口秀节目在节目的表现形式上，不仅有现场观众参与的谈话节目，也有无现场观众的谈话节目，不仅有带嘉宾的谈话节目，也有
不带嘉宾的谈话节目，不仅有在演播室现场录制的谈话节目，也有利用卫星通讯技术让不同地域的嘉宾同时进行交流的谈话节目。越来越多的电视谈话节目开始自觉地追求节目制作质量的提高。在开播之前，许多谈话节目制作部门都会邀请专家进行精心策划，希望节目一开播，就能以一种相对成熟的风格吸引观众。这种自觉行为推动着电视谈话节目不断走向成熟。 2概述
电视脱口秀节目最初是由广播脱口秀节目演变而来，早期脱口秀节目形态只是邀请专家对一些社会热点问题发表看法，引导舆论走向，节目形态相对严肃。随着社会环境的发展和演变，脱口秀节目逐渐演变成如今这种轻松愉悦的节目形态。
脱口秀节目是一种以谈话为主的电视或者广播形式，美国称为Talk Show，英国称之为Chat Show，由主持人、嘉宾、观众在演播室讨论各种社会、政治、情感和人生话题。这类节目一般现场氛围轻松，主持人和嘉宾交流自然顺畅，看似不假思索、脱口而出，因而被形象的翻译为脱口秀。talk show完全是围绕交谈的行为过程而建构的电视节目，这让脱口秀节目与其他类型的节目如电视剧、新闻节目等区别开来。脱口秀节目具有以下三个特点：
脱口秀节目是正在进行的交谈，无论节目是事先录制好的还是现场直播的，脱口秀节目都应该营造出实时交谈的感觉。脱口秀节目具有商品属性，收视率是衡量一档脱口秀节目是否成功的重要因素，这样的性质要求脱口秀节目要以满足受众的需求为首要目标。脱口秀节目不是新闻，也不是居高临下的说教，更不是娱乐至上。它既提供信息，又包含娱乐。
美国脱口秀节目一般分为日间脱口秀节目和夜间脱口秀节目，而其中又以日间脱口秀节目为主要形式。《奧普拉脱口秀》、《艾伦秀》、《奥兹医生》、《观点》等都是美国日间脱口秀节目的杰出代表，它们风格大都或轻松愉悦，或温馨活拨，内容良莠不齐，但都涉及到家庭，情感和健康话题。日间脱口秀节目成本较低，但收视率和经济效益很可观。 3 媒介环境
美国是一个资本主义国家、是一个拥护自由主义的国家、也是一个商业化的国家。美国的传媒业和社会传播系统都高度发达，（完整译文请到百度文库）社