博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文
KEY TO THE EXERCISES
Unit One Science
Text 1 Can We Really Understand Matter?
I. Vocabulary
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C II. Definition
1. A priority 2. Momentum 3. An implication 4. Polarization
5. the distance that light travels in a year, about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion km. 6. a contradictory or absurd statement that expresses a possible truth
7. a device that speeds up charged elementary particles or ions to high energies III. Mosaic
1. The stress: (Omitted)
Pronunciation rule: An English word ended with –tion or –sion has its stress on the last syllable but one. 2. molecule
3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. A IV. Translation
A. (Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)
B. In September 1995, anti-hydrogen atom—an anti-matter atom—was successfully developed in European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. After the startling news spread out, scientists in the West who were indulged in the research of anti-matter were greatly excited. While they were attempting to produce and store anti-matter as the energy for spacecraft, they raised a new question: Many of the mysterious nuclear explosions in the recent one hundred years are connected with anti-matter. That is to say, these hard-to-explain explosions are tricks played by anti-matter. They are the ―destruction‖ phenomenon caused by the impact between matter and anti-matter.
V. Grouping
A. Uncertainty: what if, illusory, indescribable, puzzle, speculation, seemingly, in some mysterious way B. Contrast:
more daunting, the hardest of hard sciences, do little to discourage, from afar, close scrutiny, work amazingly well C. Applications of Quantum mechanics:
the momentum of a charging elephant, building improved gyroscopes 1. probabilities 2. illusory 3. discourage 4. scrutiny VI. Topics for Discussion and Writing
(Omitted) WRITING?STRATEGY?DEFINITION
I. Complete the following definitions with the help of dictionaries.
1. To bribe means to influence the behavior or judgment of others (usually in positions of power) unfairly or illegally by offering them favors or gifts.
2. Gravity is defined as the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other, especially that by which a large
mass pulls a smaller one to it.
3. The millennium bug refers to the computer glitch that arises from an inability of the software to deal correctly with dates of January 2000 or later.
4. Globalization is understood as the development so as to make possible international influence or operation. II. Write a one-paragraph definition of the following words.
1. hypothesis
A hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible way of explaining facts, proving an argument, etc. Through experiments, the hypothesis is either accepted as true (possibly with improvements) or cast off. 2. science
Science is defined as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. 3. superstition
Superstition refers to a belief which is not based on reason or fact but on old ideas about luck, magic, etc. For example, it is a common superstition that black cats are unlucky. 4. pessimism
Pessimism is a tendency to give more attention to the bad side of a situation or to expect the worst possible result. A person with pessimism is a pessimist who thinks that whatever happens is bad. 5. individualism
Individualism is the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society. It has a bad sense in that little attention is paid to the rights of the collective or a good one in that independence is emphasized rather than dependence on others.
Text 2 Physics Awaits New Options as Standard Model Idles
I. Vocabulary
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. D 8. B II. Definition
1. A refrain 2. A spark 3. A jingle 4. Symmetry 5. develops or studies theories or ideas about a particular subject.
6. studies the origin and nature of the universe.
7. studies the stars and planets using scientific equipment including telescopes. III. Mosaic
1. gravity 2. anti-/opposite 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. B 8.A IV. Translation
A. (Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)
B. The Standard Model of particle physics is an unfinished poem. Most of the pieces are there, and even unfinished, it is arguably the most brilliant opus in the literature of physics. With great precision, it describes all known matter – all the subatomic particles such as quarks and leptons – as well as the forces by which those particles interact with one another. These forces are electromagnetism, which describes how charged objects feel each other‘s influence: the weak force, which explains how particles can change their identities, and the strong force, which describes how quarks stick together to form protons and other composite particles. But as lovely as the Standard Model‘s description is, it is in pieces, and some of those pieces – those that describe gravity – are missing. It is a few shards of beauty that hint at something greater, like a few lines of Sappho on a fragment of papyrus.
V. Grouping
A. Particle physics:
supersymmetry, equation, superpartners, string B. Strangeness:
bizarre, beyond the ken of C. Antonyms:
gravity–antigravity
1. novelty 2. revelatory 3. Symmetry VII. Topics for Discussion and Writing
(Omitted)
4. gravity
WRITING ? STRATEGY ? EXEMPLIFICATION AND ILLUSTRATION (Omitted)
Text 3 Supporting Science
I. Vocabulary
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. A II. Definition
1. A portfolio 2. A vista 3. Cryptography 4. Paleontology 5. a business or an undertaking that has recently begun operation 6. a group of people having common interests
7. a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business organization III. Rhetoric
1. pouring money into 2. column 3. unbridled 4. twilight 5. blossomed into IV. Mosaic
1. phenomenon criterion datum medium
(because these words originated from Latin and retain their Latin plural form) 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. B V. Translation
A. (Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation) B. The five scientists who won the 1996 Nobel Prize point out that the present prosperity and development are based on the fruits of basic scientific research and the negligence of basic scientific research will threaten human development of the 21st century.
EU countries noticed that one of their weaknesses is ―insufficient investment in research and development.‖ Korea and Singapore do not hesitate to pour money into research and development. The developed countries in the West have used most of the scientific and technological development resources for the research and development of new and high technology. This has become an obvious trend at present. It is evident from the experiences of various countries that new and high technology can create and form new industries, open up and set up new markets. The innovation of traditional industries with new and high technology is a key method to strengthen the competitive competency of an enterprise.
VI. Grouping:
A. Negligence of basic research:
corporate breakups, cut back on research, ignore it, subject to a protracted dissection and review, second-guessing, dropped dramatically, subjected to a scrutiny, skirking our support B. Significant examples of basic research:
computing, biotechnology, the Internet, number theory, complex analysis, coding theory, cryptography, dinosaur paleontology, genetics research) C. Ways to intensify arguments:
moved support for science from a ―want to have‖ squarely into the ―need to have‖ column 1. resounding 2. second-guessing 3. downsized 4. subjected VII. Topics for Discussion and Writing
(Omitted) WRITING ? STRATEGY ? COMPARISON, CONTRAST, AND ANALOGY (Omitted)
Text 4 Why Must Scientists Become More Ethically Sensitive Than They Used to Be?
I. Vocabulary
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. B 12. D II. Definition
1. A constraint 2. Algorithm 3. A prerequisite 4. Ethics
5. an important topic or problem for debate or discussion
6. a person‘s principles or standards of behaviour; one‘s judgement of what is important in life. 7. a formal plan put forward for consideration to carry out a project III. Rhetoric
1. brushed under the carpet 2. smell 3. hands and brains 4. battle front 5. module . . . module IV. Mosaic
1. /z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /s/ /s/ /iz/ /z/ /s/ /z/ /iz/ /z/ /s/ /z/ /z/ /z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /z/ /s/ after voiceless consonants /z/ after voiced consonants /iz/ after a word ended with –es 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. C V. Translation
A. (Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)
B. Scientists and medical ethicists advocate the prohibition of human cloning as a way to produce life. They all agree that human cloning exerts severe threats on human dignity. Social critics point out that cloned children will lack personality and noumenon. G. Annas, professor of health laws in Boston university, points out that ―human cloning should be banned because it may fundamentally alter the definition of ourselves.‖
VI. Grouping:
A. The change of attitudes towards ethical consideration:
occupy media slots and Sunday supplements, latest battle front, can no longer be swept aside, more sensitive B. Academic science:
a worldwide institutional web, peer review, respect for priority of discovery, comprehensive citation of the literature, meritocratic preferment, smuggle ethical considerations from private life, from politics, from religion, from sheer humanitarian sympathy C. Industrial science:
intimately involved in the business of daily life D. Post-academic science:
a succession of ―projects‖, compound moral risks with financial risks, largely the work of teams of scientists 1. individualistic 2. energized 3. comprehensive 4. heterogeneous VII. Topics for Discussion and Writing
(Omitted) WRITING ? STRATEGY ? CAUSE AND EFFECT (Omitted)
Text 5 Beauty, Charm, and Strangeness: Science as Metaphor
I. Vocabulary
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. C II. Rhetoric
1. pitch 2. landscape 3. unblinking 4. yawn 5. wrings III. Mosaic
1. physical poetic political scientific optical atomic 2. (Omitted)
3. B 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D IV. Translation
A. (Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)