突破英文中代词的翻译
中文善于用名词或省略，英文善于用代词 The fact引导的句子的译法
一个英文单词如果中文里没有对应词如何翻译
“中间语言”的翻译方法
英译汉时，多用名词，或者省略；汉译英时，多用代词
代词要指明要点；代词的翻译要不抽象，不具体
It may seem strange to put an industrial revolution and two political revolutions into the same packet. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions.
把一场工业革命和两场政治革命放在相同的篮子里，似乎看上去有点奇怪。但是。事实上它们都是社会革命。
把一场产业革命和两场政治革命归为一类，这似乎有点奇怪，但是，事实上，这三场革命都是社会革命。 Put into the same packet 本位词和外位语 中文先事实后评论
The fact is that：引导表语从句；引导同位语从句
President Bush is making a noble effort to pull
together the fraying alliance but the fact is that Europeans and Americans no longer share a common view of the world.
美国总统布什正竭力将有摩擦的联盟拉扯到一起，但是，事实上，欧洲人和美国人不再享有相同的世界观。
The fact that he had stolen some important files was true.
他偷了一些重要的文件，这是真的。 They
把一场产业革命和两场政治革命归为一类，这似乎有点奇怪，但是，事实上，这三场革命都是社会革命。 An industrial revolution
Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all Industrial Revolution. 两件事情在英国运河网络的创造中很突出，
并且他们让整个产业革命有了特点。 有两点在修建英国运河网的过程中是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个产业革命的特点。
“有两点”是主语 Creation
In the creation of the English system of canals They Characterize
This island is characterized by the rice. In the spirit of frankness which I hope will characterize our talks this week.
有两点在修建英国运河网的过程中是非常突出的，而这两点也正是整个产业革命的特点。
The canals were arteries of communications: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges.
运河是交流的动脉：他们不是被用来搬娱乐船的，而是驳船的。
运河是交通的动脉，开凿运河不是为了走游船，而为了通行驳船。 Communications They
Pleasure boats; barges “有被不用被”
运河是交通的动脉，开凿运河不是为了走游船，而为了通行驳船。
James Brindley was a pioneer in the building of canals or, as it was then called “navigation”.
詹姆斯·布雷德林是运河修建中的先驱，后来据称叫“航海”。
詹姆斯·布雷德林是开凿运河的先驱者，人们当时把开凿运河叫做“navigation”。
James Brindley The building of It was then called Navigation中间语言
詹姆斯·布雷德林是开凿的先驱者，人们当时
把开凿运河叫做“navigation”。 We refer to libro as books in Spanish.
After World War I, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord Government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthlessly oppression of the people internally. It called out troops and policemen to suppress the movement and over thirty students were arrested.
第一次世界大战之后，帝国主义者对中国加紧了侵略，北洋军阀政府对外妥协投降，对内残酷镇压人民。北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压，逮捕学生三十多人。
第一次世界大战之后，帝国主义者加快了他们攻击中国的步伐，同时北洋军阀政府还诉诸在外部的妥协和投降，在内部残酷镇压人民。政府出动部队和警察去镇压运动，有三十多个学生被逮捕。
第一次世界大战之后，帝国主义者对中国加紧了侵略，北洋军阀政府对外妥协投降，对内残酷镇压人民。北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压运动，有三十多个学生被逮捕。
Stepped up their aggression against China Resorted to compromise and capitulation To ruthlessly oppression of the people The government
第一次世界大战以后，帝国主义对中国加紧了侵略，北洋军阀政府对外妥协投降，对内残酷镇压人民。北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压，逮捕学生三十多人。 Over thirty students were arrested.
If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, /and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable
powers
of/
observation
and
independent judgment,/ they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. 如果父母们被准备这种年轻人的反应，并且意识到，这是一种孩子正在成长，正在发展珍贵的观察能力的信号，他们就不会感到如此伤心，所以也就不会由于憎恨和反对它而驱使孩子到对立面去了。
做父母的如果对这种青少年的反应有所准备，而且认为这是一个标志，标志着孩子正在成长，正在培养珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力，那么父母们就不会感到如此伤心，所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面上去。
“做父母的”
Parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction It
It was a sign that “如果”和“那么” Resenting and resisting
做父母的如果对这种青少年的反应有所准备，而且认为这是一个标志，标志着孩子正在成长，正在培养珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力，那么父母们就不会感到如此伤心，所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面上去。 By resenting and resisting it
Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
昆虫让我们生存在世界上是不可能的，他们吞噬了我们的庄稼和杀死我们的一群群的动物，假如要是没有我们从以昆虫为食的动物所得到的保护。
假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们，昆虫将吞噬所有的庄稼，害死牛羊家畜，让我们不能生存于世。
Protection They
Flocks and herds It
假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们，昆虫将吞噬所有的庄稼，害死牛羊家畜，让我们不能生存于世。 Exercise:
More than eight years have passed since Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping and I joined hands to
establish full diplomatic relations between these two great nations. Our hope and vision was to forge a Sino-American relationship which would contribute to world peace and the welfare of our two peoples. I personally looked
upon
the
forging
of
firm
Sino-American ties as a historically significant experiment.
We faced the question in 1978, as to some extent we still do today: Can two nations as different as ours—yours one of the oldest civilization on earth, mine one of the youngest; yours a socialist state and mine committed to capitalism; yours a developing country and mine a developed one—can two nations surmount and indeed draw upon these differences to build an unprecedented and distinctive relationship in world affair? If we are successful, in one great step our two nations will have been able to ease one of the greatest sources of tension in international affairs: that between the developed and developing worlds. We still have a long way to go, and it is still too early to conclude that our experiment will culminate in success, but certainly the results of the first ten years are promising. Sino—American ties have become extensive, affecting all aspects of our national lives: commerce, culture, education, scientific exchange, and our separate national security policies.
7 突破英文中形容词和副词的翻译 形容词和副词的翻译方法 中英文主语的特点
中英文里范畴词的翻译方法以及“同指”译法
形容词和名词修饰名词的顺序及翻译等问题
He lost nearly ten pounds. He nearly lost ten pounds.
Europeans believe that they are moving beyond power into a self-contained world of laws and rules and transnational negotiation and cooperation.
欧洲人认为，他们正在超越权力，进入了一个相当完备的法制、跨国谈判和合作的世界。
When the reply came a few months later they were enrolled as a full member, but Chu’s membership was kept a secret from outsiders. 回信几个月之后来了，他们都被录取为完全的成员，但是朱德的党籍一直对外界被保持着秘密。
过了几个月，回信来了，两人都吸收为正式党员，但是朱德的党籍对外一直保密。 短句“剥洋葱” Full
More than eight years have passed since Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping and I joined hands to establish full diplomatic relations between these two great nations.
自从邓小平副总理和我联手在我们两个伟
大的国家之间建立了正式的外交关系以来，已经过去八年多了。
They were enrolled as full member.
Chu’s membership was kept a secret from outsider.
I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of thinking how near the harbor was.
我在我的教育开始之前就像那条船，只是我没有罗盘和声音的绳子，也不知道海港究竟有多近。
我在开始接受教育之前，就像一条船，只是没有罗盘，没有测深绳，也不知道离海港有多远。
I was like that ship before my education began.
A flicker of disappointment and depression passed over Clyde’s face. Sounding-line
How near that harbor was
Chow was a quiet and thoughtful man. 周恩来是一个安静的而且有想法的男人。 形容词和副词的延伸译法 He is a very rich man. “同指”译法
21世纪是人类利用和开发海洋的新世纪。 In the 21st century, people will have new opportunities to utilize and explore the ocean.
When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly, I was flushed with childish pleasure and pride.
当我最后成功地写对了这几个字母时，我脸红着带着天真的高兴和骄傲。
我终于把这几个字母写对了，这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲。 Succeeded, correctly When Was flushed
Childish, pleasure, pride
In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words, among them…
在以后的几天里，我就学着用不能理解的方式来拼写了许多单词，其中一些是。。。 在接下来的几天里，我就学着拼写，虽然并不能理解，但是却也能拼写出来很多单词，其中一些是。。。 In the days that followed In this uncomprehending way
Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the water flow more quietly, in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.
后来，河面渐宽，河岸退却，水流的更加平静，最后，它们都流向了大海，与海水浑然一体，看不出任何痕迹，从而失去了单独存在的意义，而毫无痛苦之感。
He tried to piece the broken vase together in vain.
三个方法：
1）用形容词和副词的延伸含义；