19、与人同乐才是真乐。
20、几十年来，煤和石油一直被认为是交通运输的主要能源。
第六章 词类转换法
一）名词与动词的互相转换
1 His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest他因受贿而被捕。
2 My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.我建议他立即戒烟。 3 Our age is witnessing a profound political change.我们的时代是深刻的政治变化的见证。
4 He did not look or act like his usual self– his face was very red, his hat was on the back of his head , his hair was wildly rumpled.他此时的样子和表现都一反常态---脸孔涨得通红，帽子向后斜戴着，头发也乱成一团。 1 She seemed too ignorant of the way of the world.她好像太不懂世道常情了。 2 Bryan was suspicious of the wily Dawrrow.布赖恩怀疑达罗诡计多端。 3 The old man lay all night on his sleepless bed.老人躺在床上，彻夜难眠。
1 Blushing, fidgeting nervously with his tie, blinking timidly, he faced us silently for a minute. 他红着脸，紧张不安地摆弄着领带， 胆怯地眨着眼睛， 面对大家沉默了一会儿。
2 Men ran round the Spurr’s house looking for a way in, but it seemed impossible. 男人绕着斯珀尔家1 Blushing, fidgeting nervously with his tie, blinking timidly, he faced us silently for a minute. 他红着脸，紧张不安地摆弄着领带， 胆怯地眨着眼睛， 面对大家沉默了一会儿。 的房子转了一圈，试图找一条路进去，可似乎不太可能。
1 Without plants, life could not go on.没有植物，生命就无法延续。
2 She spoke English well with an American accent, not, though, a very exaggerated. 她英语说得很棒，带着美国腔，却并不十分夸张。
3 Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫困。 1 The APEC meeting in Shanghai was a great success.在上海召开的亚太经合组织会议非常成功。
2 The fresh air after the rain gave one a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.雨后空气清新，使人感到格外凉爽、舒畅。
3 That guy was considered hypocritical.那个家伙被认为是个伪君子。 4 Obedience is obligatory on a soldier.服从命令是军人的天职。 六）副词与形容词的互相转换
1 He spent an anxious day in the lockup.他在拘留所里焦急地熬过了一天。
2 He talked to the foreigner in hesitant English.他结结巴巴地用英语同那个外国人交谈。
3.Traditionally, there have been very good relations between the two countries.两国之间有着传统的友好关系。 4 We have made a careful study of the soil properties in that region.我们仔细地研究了那个地区的土壤特性。 1 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 2 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
3 Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 4 A force is needed to move an object against inertia.
5 The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious. 6 Both of the substances are soluble in water. 7 As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.
8 When the switch is off, the circuit is open and electricity doesn’t go through. 9 Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear. 10 The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity. 11 They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 12 In the fission process the fission fragments are very radioactive. 13 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 14 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 15 Earthquakes are closely related to faulting.
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16 It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic.
17 Below 4℃, water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction. 18 A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.
19 I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted. 20 The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. 1 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往 2 火箭已被用来探索宇宙
3 党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯。 4 为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力。
5 她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。 6 两种物质都能溶于水
7 他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋。
8 当开关断开时，电路就形成开路，电流不能通过 9 这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。
10 设计的目的在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生产率高。 11 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
12 在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性 13 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪 14 学习中的独立思考是绝对必须的。 15 地震与地层断裂有密切的关系。
16 人们已经证实，气体具有理想的弹性。
17 水在4摄氏度以下就不断地膨胀，而不是不断地收缩。 18 直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去 19 我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。
20 新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。
第七章 被动语态的翻译
英语和汉语都有被动句，但英语被动句使用频率远远高于汉语，而且二者在用法上也有较大区别：英语被动句由于可以避免指出动作的执行者，因而常常用来表示比较客观的态度，论述客观的事实，因而多用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍及景物描写等；汉语被动句主要用来表示已经发生的不愉快的事实。由于存在这种差异，英译汉时英语的被动句并不都能译成汉语的被动句。主要有以下几种译法： 一）被动语态变主动语态
1.原来的主语保持不变
1）The whole country was armed in a few days.几天之内全国武装起来了。
2）The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his younth has never been totally eradicated. 他在青少年时期留下的自卑感还远远没有完全消除。
3）After several rounds of talk,an agreement was finally arrived at.经过几轮谈判之后，协议终于达成了。 2.原宾语变为主语
1)By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。 2）A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 3）Communications satellites are used for international living transmission throughout the world. 全世界都将通信卫星用于国际间的实况转播。 3.译成汉语―是......的‖结构
1) The picture was painted by Tom.这幅画是汤姆画的。
2）The house was built of wood in 1985.这座房子是1985年用木头修建的。
3) The volume is not measured in square millimeters. It is measured in cubic millimeters. 体积不是以平方毫米计量的，而是以立方毫米计量的。
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4.增加适当主语以便译文更流畅
1）To explore the moon’s surface, rockets were launched again and again.为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。
2）Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。 3) It is well known that smoking is harmful to the health.众所周知，吸烟对人体有害。 二）被动结构转换为无主句
1) The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。 2) Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.已经注意到采取防腐措施。
3) Best surface finish is provided by machining methods, especially by grinding. 用机械加工方法，特别是磨削方法，可以获得最佳表面光洁度。
三）保持被动语态
1.译成―被……‖或―给……‖结构
1) If the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immediately.如果方案被批准，这项工程将立即开工。
2) He was seen to steal the bike.他偷自行车给人家看到了。 3) She was fired for incompetence.她因不胜任工作而被解雇了。 2.译成―遭……‖或―受……‖结构
1）She was set upon by two masked men.她遭到两个蒙面男子的袭击。 2) Everyone was fed up with her gossip.人人都受够了她的流言蜚语。
3) The region was visited by the worst drought in twenty years.这个地区遭受到了二十年来最严重的旱灾。 3.译成―为……所‖结构
1）Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with sense of decency.这种行为将会为一切有良知的人所蔑视。 2) All the building were destroyed in a big fire.所有的建筑物均为一场大火所焚毁。
3）Only a small part of the sun’s energy reaching the earth is used by us.传到地球的太阳能只有一小部分为我们所利用。 四）译成其他结构
1）The villege is populated by about 1300 famers.这个村里住着1300农民。 2) Most trees are denuded of leaves in winter.大多数树木冬天要落叶。
3) The news was passed on by word of mouth.众口相传，消息已不胫而走。
4）She was delivered of a boy.她生了一个男孩。
5) He was told that two of them seemed unlikely to make the grade.他已得知他们中有两个人好像不能及格。 6）She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.她和丈夫应邀赴宴去了。 7）He has been wedded to translation.他与翻译结下了不解之缘。 8）She did not wish to be troubled.她不愿找麻烦。 Exercises
1.Many basins were formed by the subsidence of the earth’s crust. 2.The project was completed ahead of schedule.
3.It is considered that bioclimatology is an involved subject.
4.The decision to invest heavily in an enterprise was not taken lightly.
5.Nonverbal communication, particularly touch, plays a large role in satisfying personal needs. Children need touch as a demonstration that they are cared for and loved. In times of stress and anxiety, you will stroke your arms or neck as a way of soothing yourself.
1.许多盆地都是由于地壳陷落而形成的。 2.这个项目提前完工了。
3.有人认为，生物气候学生一门复杂的学科。
4.对一个企业进行大量投资的决定不会轻易作出。
非语言交流，尤其是触摸，在满足个人需要方面有着十分重要的作用。孩子们需要通过触摸来感受关爱。在紧张焦虑的时候，你会抚摸自己的胳膊或脖子来进行自我安慰。 Passage Translation
As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a
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geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, ―drilling rig‖ is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called ―a derrick‖. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valve. 参考译文
由于石油深埋地下，靠研究地面，不能确定石油的有无。因此对地下岩层结构必须进行地质探测。如果认为某地区的岩层含石油，则在该处安装―钻机‖。钻机中最显眼的部件叫―井架‖。井架用来吊升分节油管，把油管放入由钻头打出的孔中。当孔钻成时，放钢管防止孔壁坍塌。如果发现石油，则在油管顶部紧固地加盖，让石油通过一系列阀门流出。
第八章 分译法
分译法是指为了使译文行文合乎译入语表达习惯而将原文中个别的词、词组或句子分解开来单独译成一句或数句的方法。
1）The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是无可非议的。
2）That district was a very apparent hot-spot.那个地区是个麻烦的地方，这是显而易见的。 3）His informality impressed me deeply.不拘礼节，这是他给我留下的深刻印象。 2.把短语译成句子
1）There are many kinds of atoms, differing in both mass and properties.原子种类很多，质量与性质都不相同。
2）Energy can neither be created nor destroyed , a universally accepted law.能量既不能被创造，也不能被消灭，这是一条公认的规律。
3）she fell asleep with the lamp burning.灯还亮着，她就睡着了。
3.把一句译成两句或数句
1）It is quite certain that mankind will eventually solve the riddle of AIDS.人类最终必将解开艾滋病之谜，这一点是可以肯定的。
2）I am at a loss what I ought to say on that occasion.在那种场合该说些什么话，这实在是叫我一筹莫展。
3）He smiled at that ,with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with an emotion she was afraid to identify. 听了这话，他笑了，双唇合成一条曲线，露出一副悔恨的样子。但两眼仍熠熠发光，含情脉脉。这种感情她不敢认同。
1.Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.
2.It goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere. 3.Both peaks are majestically towering high mountains and are blessed with paradise status, or in Chinese Shangri-la. 4.They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
5.Elizabeth was determined to make no effort for conversation with a woman, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.
1.她期待着会有某种奇迹般的解决办法，这是不合情理的事。
2.氧是大气中最活跃的元素，这是不言而喻的。
3.两座名山高耸入云，蔚为壮观，被誉为人间天堂，汉语里称为―香格里拉‖。 4.他们没有作出任何反应，这是不足为奇的。
5.伊丽莎白不肯和这样一个女人说话，这个女人现在异常无礼，十分令人反感。
第九章 合译法
合译法是指把原文中两个或两个以上的句子以及一句中的某些部分合并在一起翻译的方法。 1.She is very busy at home. She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work. 她在家里忙得不可开交，既要照料孩子，又要下厨房。
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2.He was very honest. He was open-hearted.他为人诚实而坦率。
3.She had to go back home to look after her husband. He was confined to his bed. 她只好回家去照料身卧病榻的丈夫。 .把重复表达的部分合译成一个句子成分
1）Barbados is a relatively young country, a small country in North America.巴巴多斯是一个比较年轻的北美小国。 2）Water is not only the most common liquid in the world, but it is also the most important.水是世界上最普通、最重要的液体。
3.把复合句译成简单句
1）I am blest if I know.我一点儿也不知道。
2）He felt free to do as he wished.他想怎么做就怎么做。
1.It was April 1945. The Second World War was coming to an end.
2.Her father became the mayor of the city. He was a pilot in the air force.
3.There are people here from all over the country. Many of them are from the North. 4.He had a small business in the city of Qingdao. This city is a seaport in Shangdong. 5.There is a man downstares who wants to see you. 1.1945年4月，第二次世界大战已经接近尾声。
2.她的父亲，一位前空军飞行员，当上了这个城市的市长。 3.我们这儿从全国各地来的人中有不少是北方人。 4.他曾在山东的海港城市青岛做过小生意。 5.楼下有人要见你。
第十章 具体译法和抽象译法
一 具体译法
所谓具体译法，就是在翻译过程中把原文中抽象、含蓄或朦胧的词语用具体、明确的词语来进行翻译，从而使译文通顺、流畅。
1.We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water.我们决不能忽视水的蒸发作用。
2.All the people were exasperated by his fault-finding.大家都被他那种吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。
3.If we attack quickly, we can nip the enemy’s plans in the bud.如果我们迅速进攻，可以把敌人的计划消灭在萌芽状态。
4.The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.对大多数去北京的外国游客，万里长城是必不可少的参观游览项目。
5.As Albert Einstein once said, “ Life for the American is always becoming , never being.‖正如埃尔波特·爱因斯坦曾经说过的那样：― 对美国人来说，生活总是变化不息，而从来不会原地踏步。‖
二 抽象译法
抽象译法就是为了译文的通顺、流畅，把原文中带有具体意义或具体形象的词语进行抽象化处理。
1.Henry knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.亨利知道不论境遇如何，他都可把家庭作靠山。 2.What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.少时所学，到老不忘。
3.I was practically on my knees but he still refused.我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。 4.The matter was finally settled under the table.事情终于私下解决了。
5.He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together.他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活。 Exercises(1) （抽象→具体）
1.we were all greatly moved by his loftiness.
2.His arrogance sent him into isolation and helplessness. 3.The dancing hall was filled with gayety. 4.There had been too much violence in that region.
5.Between her agitation and her natural awkwardness in getting out of the cart, Peggotty was making a most extraordinary festoon of herself but I felt too blank and trance to tell her. 1.我们都被他那种崇高品质所深深打动。
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