DNA自组装技术的研究进展及难点

2018-12-19 21:55

第31卷第12期2008年12月学报CHINESEJOURNALOFCOMPUTERS计算机V01.31No.12Dec.2008DNA自组装技术的研究进展及难点杨静”’2’张成”’2’100871)100871)”(北京大学信息科学技术学院北京”(北京大学高可信度软件技术教育部重点实验室北京摘要近年来,DNA自组装成为DNA计算及纳米材料科学等领域研究的热点.它关系着DNA计算机的发展.DNA分子如fuJ组装已成为许多学者关注的焦点.为此,文中主要围绕着DNA分子组装成的初级元件的类型:一条长的DNA单链、多条短寡核苷酸链和自组装单元,重点从自组装的初级元件形成的一维、二维及三维结构上讨论DNA自组装技术与方法.文中讨论了这哆技术的原理及应用的研究进展,并且分析了DNA自组装应用于DNA计算的主要难点及解决方案.首先,编码的好坏决定着实验是否能实施;其次,DNA单链之间组装的角度及初级原件之间的连接是影响自组装体产量的关键因素;从具体的实验操作上看,每条DNA单链的浓度比例及退火温度则决定着自组装的成败.随着学科之间的高度交叉,DNA自组装将是材料学、信息学、生物学等领域的重要研究方向,也是推动DNA计算机发展的重要手段.关键词DNA自组装;初级元件;组装技术;二维平面;三维立体结构中图法分类号TP301ProgressandDifficultyinDNASelf-AssemblyTechnologyYANGJin91’’2’ZHANGCheng”t2’”(Schoolo,ElectronicsEngineeringandComputerScience,PekingUniversity,Beijing”(KeyLaboratory100871)ofHighConfidenceSoft.areTechnologiesofMinistryofEducation,PekingUniversity,Beijing100871)AbstractDNAself-assembly,widelydevelopedinthefieldsofDNAcomputingandnanotechn—toology,iSrelatedthedevelopmentofDNAcomputer.HOWDNAmoleculesassemblehasbe—comethefocusofscientificfields.ThispapermainlydiscussestheDNAselfassemblytechnologyofone-dimension,two-dimensionandthree—dimensionstructure.DNAself-assemblyunitsaredividedintothreetypes:alongDNAsingle-strand,severalshortDNAsingle-strandsandprima—ryunitsofDNAselfassembly.Inthemeantime,theprincipleandresearchprogressofDNAself-areassemblydiscussed.Ontheotherhand,themainobstaclesandsolutionsoftheapplicationareonDNAcomputingalsoanalyzed.Firstly,codingiscanthemostdifficultproblem,asitdecideswhethertheexperimentgle—strandsandthebeimplemented.Secondly,theassembledanglebetweenDNAsin—motifs.Inaddition,fromtheexperimentoperation,connectionsamongstructurecanwhethertheself-assemblybeachievediSdecidedbytheconcentrationProportionofeachDNAsingle—strandandtheannealtemperature.Withtherapiddevelopingofscienceandtechnologyandcombinationofmulti—disciplinaryscience,DNAselfassemblyhasbecometheim—portantresearchdirectioninthefieldsofmaterial,informaticsandbiology,andwillalsobethecriticalinstrumentthatpromotesthedevelopmentofDNAcomputer.KeywordsDNAself-assembly;primarymotifs;assembledtechnology;twodimensionalarray;threedimensionalpolyhedra收稿日期:2008—04—20}最终修改稿收到日期:2008一10—20.本课题得到国家自然科学基金(60533010.30670540,60874036.60503002)、国家。八六三”高技术研究发展计划项目基金(2006AA012104),中国教育部博士点基金(20070001020)以及中国博士后科学基金(20060400344)资助.杨静一女.1989年生,博士研究生,研究方向为DNA计算机发DNA纳米技术.E-mail:Yang—jing@pku.edu.cn.张成,男。1980年生.博士研究生.研究方向为DNA计算机及DNA纳米技术.万方数据 12期杨静等:DNA自组装技术的研究进展及难点21391IntroductoryDNAhadbeenselectedasthegeneticmateriallongbefore。asDNAwasthedistinctdouble—heli—calstructureandcarriedallgeneticinformation.AsthehugememoryabilityofDNA。itbecomestheimportantstudymaterialsinthefieldsofbiolo—gY,computerandnanotechnology.In1994,Adle—manfirstlyconstructedthecomputingmodelwithDNAL“.Fromthenon,manyresearchersalsoes—tablisheddifferentDNAcomputingmodels,suchasOuyang’sDNAsolutionofthemaximumcliqueproblem【2].stickerDNAcomputingmodelofRo—weisE“。andDNAself-assemblystructuresofWin—free’sgroupⅢ.Uptonow,DNAcomputinghadbeendevelopedatahighspeednomatterincon—structingtheoreticmodelsorinapplyingthebio—logicaloperations.Inrecentyears,therearesomemaincompu—ringmodelsasfollows:DNAself-assemblyrood-els[5-6]。DNAcomputationmodelsonsurface[7‘“,computationalmodelimitatingTuring[”].Basedonthetypesofsolvingproblems,thesemodelscanbedividedintothethreecategories:DNAcompu—tingmodelsforsolvinggraphtheory[“一1“.Booleancircuits[1}16]。anddeciphercodesEl”.BasedontheformedstructureofDNAself—assembly,DNAmodelsaredividedintoone-,two-,andthree-di-mensionalstructures.In1960s,WangusedDNAsingle—strandstoassembletilesasthecomputinginstrumentc】8].In1998,WinfreeusedWang’stiletoform2Dcrystal[1“.Inaddition.otherresearch—ersalsocontributedtremendousfruitsonDNAself-assembly.In2008,Maoappliedseveralsin—gle—strandstofurtherassembleintodifferentcom—plexpolyhedra[20].Here,weintroducethedevel—opmentofmolecularself-assemblytheseyears,summarizethestudyresults,andpresentthepros—pectofDNAself—assembly.2ProgressinDNASelf-AssemblyTechnologyDNAself-assemblyisamethodthatexploitsthespecificityofbase—pairingtoformpolyhedronorsupermolecularstructure.Thisi8acomplexprogressfromsimpletocomplicated,fromdisor“deredtowell-regulated.In1960s,Wang’stile,constructedbyDNAsingle-strands,openedanewdoor[1s]forDNAself-assembly.In1990s,SeemanimprovedthetileandconstructedmanykindsofcomplexDNApolyhedrasuchasquadrangle,loop,knot.etc[21-zs].Thoughitstillhasalotofdisad—vantagesfortheseself—assemblystructuressuchas万 方数据theloweryieldsanddifficulttobepickedup,thismethodisahugemilestoneforDNAcomputation.2.1OneDimensionStructureandApplicationofDNASelf-AssemblyIn1994.AdlemanfirstlyappliedDNAself-as—semblytosolveaHamiltonianPathProblem.Sincethen,themethodwasusedbylotsofre—searcherstosolvelogicalcomputation,simplead—ditioncomputationandgraphtheoryproblems.In2002,SeemanpublishedanarticleinPNAS.Hepointedoutthataone—dimensionalexampleusingDNAtileshadbeenusedinlogicalcomputationandcouldalsobeviewedasacircuitthatrealizedtheparityoftheinputelementsr24].Besides.10tsofresearchersalsoappliedaone—dimensionslstrut—tureofDNAself-assemblytocarryOUtadditioncomputationsuchastheinsert—deletemethodofQiuandLu[ZS3andthebinaryarithmeticofBa—rua[26].Inaword,themainideaisthattheexperi—mentstepswilllinearlyincreasewithbitsofaddi—tionincreasing.2.2Two-DimensionalArrayandApplicationofDNASelf-AssemblyItisnotgoodenoughtousepiledimensionalstructureofDNAmoleculestocompute.Lotsofresearchers,basedonagreatdealofexperiments,makeDNAmoleculesassembleintomorecomplextwo-dimensionalarrayandcarryoncomputation.Atpresent.theideaoftheself-assembledtilestartsfromtheWang’stilethatimitatestheopera—tionofTuring。However,ithasmoreadvantagesthanWang’stile,becauseitcanimplementcorn—putationnotonlyusingsimplestructure,butalsomorecomplicatedstructuresuchas2Dand3DDNAstructure.Inthesecomplexstructures。therearethreemainbasicelements:alongDNAsinglestrand[27-253。self-assembledunit(consistedofsev—eralDNAstrandsandhadstickyends)andmulti—pieshortDNAstrands[29—3“.Theself—assembledunitineludesDouble—crossover(DX)moleculesc321。Triple—crossover(TX)moleculesE3“,andseveral—point—starDNAmotifs(three—point—star[20“],four-point—starC3。36]。andsix-point—starE37]).DXmolecules,asaself-assembledunit,con—sistedoftwoside—by-sidedouble—strandedhelices.Thedouble—-strandedhelicescontainfourDNAsin-?gle-strands,linkingattwocrossoverjunctions.In1999。LaBeanimprovedtheDXstructureandde—velopedTXmolecules。whichwascomposedofthreeside—.by-sidedouble?-strandedhelicesandlinkedatfourimmobilecrossoverpoints.Besides,several--point--starDNAmotifsaremorecomplex2140计算机学报2008矩thanDXandTX.TheyareconsistedofthreekindslongerDNAstrandis?theIargerandmoreelabo—ofDNAsingle—strand:acentralloop—strand,sev~eralshell—strandsandsevernlarm—strands.Fordif-ferentpoint—starDNAmotifs。thenumberofre-is.M13satisfythere-quirementproperly,andthegeneofM13hasbeenknownclearlybyscientists,thus,M13isaninher-rateself-assemblystructurequiredDNAstrandsisdifferent.Atpresent。alongDNAsinglestrandisse—entmaterialastheCOStmotifofself—assemblystruc—ture.(iii)TheofobtainingtheM13sequencelectedfromM13。whichisthememberoffilamen-tousismuchlow,becausethepriceofsynthesizedlongDNAsequencesuchasonlyCOSTSlittlemoneybacteriophage.In2006.Rothemundpresentedodforusingaabacteriophage6400familyandisaaDNAsingle—strandwithmaterialbases.M13isself—assemblyveryimportantareM13isquitehigh,butittoclonetheM13genefromhovelmeth—overinDNAarea.ThereathreemainstrandedDNA.itbefoldedreasons.(i)M13iswithstablesingle-DNA.Comparedcanordouble—strandedto7kbsingle—strandofM13andtofreelyhybridizeandismoreflexible200shortoligonucleotidestaplestrandsdesiredshapessuchpointedstarsasfoldintoassembled.InthepastDNAself-as—squares.trianglesandfivedifferentshapessemblystructure,self-assembledunitisconstitu-tedofsomestricttoetc[2….ThesesixshortDNAsingle—strands.soitisweresuccessfullydetectedbyusingAFMandSTMsurfacemanipulation(Fig.1).Inaddition,accord-ingtothebasicdesiredshapes.healsoassembledthestructuresthatcouldbecreatedwitharbitrarilyshapedholesorcontroltheconcentrationofeachstrand,toandfinallythesestrandsformintegrateself-as—semblystructure.Inaddition,usingseveralshortDNAsingle—strandstoconstructcomplexstructureisgraduallycreatedbyseveral—stepassembly,sotheyieldofDNAself-assemblystructureisnotmuchhigh.(if)Itslengthismuchproper,whichcanvariouspatternssuchasletters,besnowflake,andmap.Thesepatternswouldhigherthanthatofanypreviouslyself-assembledshapes,sotheycouldbeobservedbyAFManddecidethesizeofself-assemblystructure.TheSTM(Fig.2).Fig.1DNAorigamishapesandAFMimagestoAppliedthesamemethod,theresearchgroupfromShanghaiJiaotongUniversityusedgle—strandofM13rapl8andoveraself-assembly.In1998,accordingthetheoryofmolecules7kbsin-Wangtifes,asWinfreedesignedWangDX200shortstaplewhichactingtilescouldimplementde—strandstofoldintothepatternofChinamapthatwereroughly150nmindiameter.AndtheChinamapwasdetectedbyusingAFMⅢJ.Self-assembledunitisanotherfamiliarmotif,andDXmoleculeisonesiredcomputationsbymolecularself-assembly[3“.Duringtheseprocesses,fiveenoughrigidDXmo—tifsweresuccessfullyconstructed,butonlyDAOandDAEmotifsareofthesemotifsinDNAconsistingoffourstable(Fig.3).DAOmotif,DNAstrands,eachofwhich万方数据 12期杨静等:DNA自组装技术的研究进展及难点2141Fig.2PatterningofDNAorigamiandAFMimagesintwohelices,haddoublecrossoverandthereweretwokindsofmotifs,twoDAOandonecomparison,DAEmolecules。alittleDAE.OneofDAO,ontheleft,wasmarked“A”fromDA0,consistedoffivestrands,andtheotherwasmarked“B”.Additionally,oneofwhichparticipatedinbothhelices.AndDAEunitwasanalternativeformBthatcouldtWOstrandsdidnotformintocrossover.replaceB.Infact,B‘belongedtoDAEunit,butitmotifofDXunithadastickyendwitha4bpcontainedtwohairpin-terminatedbulged3一armsequencewhichcouldcontroltheassemblyjunctions.Inthisway,BincreasedtheheightofDXunitsbyWatson-Crickcomplementari—the2DlatticeSOthatitproducedthelightandofDXunitwascombinedbyrecognizingshadestripesbyAFMimaging.TheupperstickystickyendsintotWOdimensionaI(2一D)lat—endontherightof“A”unitbondedtothestickyDA0andDAEunits,twovariouslat-endbelowontheleftof“B”unit.andonebelowwereobtained.One,consistingofDAOU—ontherightof“A”unitbondedtotheupperstickycalledDAO—E,andtheotherwascalledendontheleftof“B”unit。andviceversa.InwhichconsistedofDAEunits.Here。wethisway,the2Dlattieewasformed.Finally,theDAO—Eforexampletointroducetheself—DAO—EandDAE—OweredetectedbyAFMima—processofDAOunits.Inthis2Dlattice,ging(Fig.4).DAODAEI{嚣DA0一EDAE—O++Fig.3ModelsforDAOandDAEtilesandthelatticetopologiesconsistingofDAOandDAEtiles万 方数据ioinedspacing.BydifferentthreeanotherEachuniquebetweenty.Eachthetices.Usingticesnits,wasDAE—OtakeassemblyZ142计算机学报2008拒ABFig.4TheAFMimagesoftwotileslattice:DAO—EAB,DAO—EAB6andDAE-OAB,DAE-OAB‘DXunithasmoreadvantagesthanprimarytiles.Itnotonlysurpassesthesimpleone~dimen-sionstructure,butalsocancombineinto2Dand3Dstructure.ThisprovidesthenewmoduletoperformDNAcomputation.However,DXunithasstillalotofflawssuchaslaekingofreporterstrandsandsmallerspacebetweensinglestrands.Thus.itisveryimportanttosynthesizemoreper-feetandstablemotifsinthefieldsofnanotechnolo—gyandDNAcomputing.Toachievethisgoal,LaBcan,foundingonstructureofDXunit,con-structedTXmodulethatwasmoreexcellentthanDXunitE33].Hedesignedfour01igonucleotides(Fig.5)。whichformedthreeDNAhelicesbyfourimmobilecrossoverpoints.Thethreeantiparalleldouble—strandedDNAhelicesfinallyformedtoTXunitinaplaneandhadfourstickyends.InTXunits,DNAsingle—strands,participatinginthreehelices,couldactasreporterstrandsandimple—menttheoutputofcomputingresult.Inthemean—time.the2DstructureconsistingofTXunitswasfilledwithsomespacethatprovidedgapsforothermolecules.SomedifferentTXunitsweredesignedbyLaBean.AandB.twoofTXunits,containfourstickyends.ThestickyendsofAwerede-signedtobecomplementarywiththatofBtode—veloptheABarray(Fig.6).Besides,C,C’andDwereotherthreeTXunits.Cconsistedofthreehelices,butcontainedonlyapairofstickyendsinthecentralhelixwhichpairedwiththoseofAand万 方数据Brespectively.WhenCwasrotatedabout103。。itwouldbecomeanotherunit“C….whichformedtheraisedstripesonthesurfaceof2Darray.Dwasacommondouble—strandedhelix,fillingthegapsemstmginthearray.Byrecogmzmgthevariousstickyends.theseTXunitsproducedtheABC’Darray,detectedbyAFMimage.Sincethen,TXmodulewasappliedtoDNAcomputingsuchasBooleancalculationandadditionoperation.Fig.5SchematicdrawingofTXmotifInrecentyears,point-starDNAmotifsattractmoreresearchers’attention.ItsstructureismorecomplexthanthoseofDXandTXmotifs.Inthestructureofpoint—starDNAmotifs,therearethreetypesofDNAsingle—strands:centralstrand,iden—ticalmediumstrandsandidenticalperipheraIstrands.ThenumberofDNAsingle—strandsisalittledifferentfordifferentpoint—starmotifs.In2003,Haoeta1.publishedflpaperinSciencethatpresentedanovelcross-shapedDNAmodule(four-point—starmotif),andformedsquaregriddingstructure[35|.In2007.Parkimproveditsstructuretocon-structtwodistincttwo-dimensionalsuperstruc—turesincontrolledways,basingonthefour-point—starmotif.Onewasfinite—sizelattice2×2flanoar-rays(NAs)anddsDNAbridges,andtheotherwasextendedlatticesnanotracks(NTs)anddsDNAbridges[3“.ThesetwosuperstructureswereformedfromA—tiles(Fig.7④)andB-tiles(Fig.7⑤).Bothofthemconsistedofthreekindsofstrands:acentralloop-strand,fourshellstrands,andfourarm-strands.ThedifferencebetweenA—tileandB-tilewastheoppositedirectionofends7stickyatboth5and3'-ends.AsshowninFig.7,onel×2andtwoformsof2×2NAswereassem—bledbyWatson—Crickcomplementarysticky-ends.One2×2NAshadnoarm—strands(Fig.7④),and


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