24、The word nice has gone through a semantic change called “generalization”.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
25、In the Middle English period, English lost most of its inflections.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
26、Latin element was first brought into English by Germanic tribes.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
27、Connotative meaning of a word is relatively stable and insensitive to the change of context.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
28、London dialect began to spread as Standard English in the Middle English period.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
29、Farewell is shortened from Fare thee well.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
30、AmE and BrE shares all grammatical rules.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
31、Comparatively speaking, ask is more formal than interrogate.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
32、“Just a second!” is a case of litotes (understatement).
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
33、Answering the question “Will you marry me?” with “Yes, I will”, the speaker is using substitution.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
34、The vocabulary of any language never remains stable; it is constantly changing.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
35、In the sentence, “I presume that you are Dr. Livingstone”, presume can be replaced by “suppose”.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
36、air-conditioner is a word derived from adding –er to air-condition.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
37、A word, car for example, may mean differently to different people.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
38、According to cognitive semantics, our mind can be explored via the study of linguistic meanings.
1.
A.√
2. B.×
39、Compared with horse, gee-gee is stylistically more formal.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
40、For an English word, the shift of stress may indicate a change of part of speech; export is a perfect example.
1. 2.
A.√ B.×
主观题
41、grammatical meaning
参考答案：
Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships of functions, such as tense meaplural meanings of words, etc.
42、translation loan
参考答案：
A translation loan is a word or an expression formed from the material already existing in the English language but according t
way of literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. Examples are “land-reform”, “mutual-aid” team, “national bourgeoisi
43、blending
参考答案： “lunch”.
Blending refers to process of making a new word by combining parts of two or more words. For example, the word “brunch”
44、jargon
参考答案：
Jargon are languages peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group. For example, RAM, ROM, Hard Disk, CPU, etc. are all ja
45、free phrase
参考答案：
Free phrases refer to any group of words or expressions carrying meaning. For example, “three British experts” is a free phras
needed, can be altered, such as “two Chinese students”, “100 African men”, “20 read apples”, etc., each of which carries a me
46、Stylistics
参考答案：
The systematic study of styles of words, expressions and text.
47、meronymy
参考答案：
relationship is called “meronymy”.
Meronymy refers to the part-whole sense relationship. For example, the word “body” and “head”, “arm”, “leg”, etc. have a pa
48、affix
参考答案：
An affix is the morpheme added to a root and contributes to the meaning of a word as a whole. According to its position, an abecause of the addition of “en” that the new verb “enlarge” is made with causative meaning.
word, or suffix, because it appears following the word. For example, in “enlarge”, the affix “en” is a prefix, because it is adde
49、What is lexical meaning and what are its different types?
参考答案：
Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is regarded as being identical illustrated in the following:
can be divided into five different types, i.e. conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning and c
1) Conceptual meaning, also known as denotative meaning or logical meaning, is assumed to be the most basic and central fact
the core of semantic study. The conceptual meaning of a word indicates the concept, and is thus relatively stable. See the follow bachelor: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALE, –MARRIED] spinster: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, –MALE,–MARRIED] wife: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, –MALE, +MARRIED]
2) Connotative meaning or connotation is the additional meaning that a word possesses beyond its central or conceptual meaniassociations suggested by the conceptual meaning of the word. See the following examples: boy conceptual meaning [+HUMAN, +MALE, –ADULT] connotative meaning lovable, naughty, noisy, irritating, etc.
Connotative meanings or connotations often tend to be variable according to society, time, culture, and even the experience of e.g. “西风” vs. “west wind”: share the same denotation, the wind blowing from the west “西风”: sadness, bitterness, coldness, departure, etc.
“west wind” in Britain: agreeable figure associated with spring and flowers
3) Social meaning of words refers to the information about the potential social circumstances where the words are appropriate the following factors:
DIALECT (e.g. the language of geographical region or of a social class) TIME (e.g. the language of the eighteenth century, etc.)
PROVINCE (e.g. language of law, of science, of advertising, etc.) STATUS (e.g. polite, colloquial, slang, etc.)
SINGULARITY (e.g. the style of Dickens, of Hemingway, etc.)
4) Affective meaning conveys the personal emotions and attitudes of a language user, including his attitude to the listener, or habout. In the following, words in Column A are affective positive while those in Column B are negative in meaning. A B slim skinny new unproven inexpensive cheap
5) Collocative meaning is part of the word meaning suggested by its relations with the words it can co-occur. It refers to the grwords can be used together. e.g. pretty vs. handsome.
Although these two words share common ground in expressing the meaning of “good-looking”, they may be distinguished by tlinguists’ term) collocate with.
50、What is a word?
参考答案：
1) A word is the sound unit of language.
A word can be simple defined as the minimal meaningful free unit of language. This definition is to be understood in the from
(1) A word is a sound unit (or unit of speech) for the purpose of communication. In this sense, a word sound in nature and eacpurpose(s). Even the first word uttered by a baby is for communication.
(2) A word is a sound cluster conventionally sequenced. In this sense, the order of sound elements in a word is fixed and abidexample, for the word /ɡ?u/, the sequence /ɡ/must precede /?u /, otherwise, it is not the word “go” at all.
(3) A word is a combination of sound and meaning according to the conventions of specific languages. For example, the soun“enough (够)” in Chinese.
2) A word is the smallest free form of language.
(1) Words are free forms of a language, i.e., forms that can be moved without destroying the grammaticality of the sentence. I“saw” and “Bill” can all move freely and each sentence is grammatically correct.
(2) In contrast, the letters that form a word are fixed with rigid sequential order. A word is the smallest free form of language
its meaning or even its status as a word. For example, only “John” is a boy’s name, but not “Jonh”, “Jhon”, “Jhno” or “Joan”.3) A word is the building block for phrase and sentence.
When separated from the phrase, sentence or passage, a word will be difficult to understand since it is no more than a “dead” d
sentences and passages are contexts for the interpretation of words. In sum, words are the building blocks out of which phrases
51、Once in the office, President Obama embarked right away on de-Clintonization.
参考答案：
就职以后，奥巴马总统立即着手去克林顿化。
52、Does scientists also play pseudosciences.
参考答案：
某些科学家也玩伪科学。
53、Never offer to teach fish to swim.
参考答案： 不要班门弄斧。
54、Spare the rod and spoil the child.
参考答案：
扔掉了棍子，惯坏了孩子。
55、Interrogation is a psywar between the police questioners and the suspects.
参考答案：
审问是警察与犯罪嫌疑人之间的心理战。
56、Since you’ve been caught cheating, you must face the music.
参考答案：
既然作弊被抓，你就得面对。
57、Let’s cash in on the fine weather and go for an excursion.
参考答案：
让我们好好利用这好天气，出门远足吧。
58、Mrs. Jackson has nothing to do at all. She is engaged every day either in talkathon or shopathon.
参考答案：
杰克逊太太整天无所事事，不是没完没了地逛街，便是没完没了地闲谈。
59、In the battle this afternoon, we downed three enemy planes with no loss at all.
参考答案：
在今天下午的战斗中，我们打下了三架敌机。
60、Fish begins to stink at the head.
参考答案： 上梁不正下梁歪。