11.1 Ethical economics
Reading:Coffeenomics 1(P106)
- coffee grown - coffee picked - coffee transported - coffee packed
- coffee sold and shipped - coffee sold on to shops - coffee bought and drunk
2(P106)
(1) 10p(pence) (2) 15 (3) 50 (4) 50 (5) rent
(6) service charge (7) coffee (8) 1.26
3(P106)
(1) B (2) A (3) F (4) E (5) C
D is the extra sentence.
Vocabulary:Finanical and trade terms 4(P107)
(1) middlemen (2) disparity (3) chang hands (4) overheads (5) factor in
(6) break-even total (7) mark-up (8) freight
(9) gross domestic product
(10) charities
Grammar:Articles 1(P108)
(1) 0(Fairtrade is the name of the organisation) (2) an(singular noun)
(3) a(singular noun mentioned for the first time) (4) the(before a superlative) (5) the(there is only one) (6) an(singular noun) (7) the(name of country) (8) a(singular noun)
(9) the(refers to ‘foundation’-there is only one) (10) 0(plural noun)
3(P109)
(1) C (2) A (3) C (4) A (5) B (6) B (7) B (8) B
11.2 Discussing trennds
Speaking: Alternative energy sources 1(P110)
a)Wind power has already been implemented in many countries though some people say it can never provide enough energy on its own.The initial cost is also very high.
b)Solar power is being widely used either on people’s own houses or in the form of huge areas of land with solar panels.The cost of technology is falling for this energy so it looks like a good investment.
c)Bio fuels which make use of residue from plants are already used in some cars.They look set to provide one solution to the lack of petrol fuels.
d)Coal is criticised for the pollution it creates and many countries are looking at alternatives which suggests it isn’t a good investment. However,in some parts of the world such as China there are huge coal reserves which are only now being mined and used in power stations. In this case coal may still be a good investment but be bad for the environment.
e)Wave power has many of the same pros and cons as wond power.
f)Nuclear power has attracted bad publicity in the past but more recently many governments have returned to the idea of building nuclear power stations in the next century in order to solve the potential shortage of energy. Private investment may yet provide good returns.
Reading:Good greed
2(P110)
1 B 2 B 3 A 4 C 5 D 6 B 7 C 8 D 9 A 10 B 11 B 12 A 13 D 14 A 15 C
3(P78)
The graph shows that while solar power costs twice as much per kilowatt-hour than traditional energy sources used on power grids at present, its costs have been falling continuously since the early nineties. The line showing the average price for power from the grid for residential energy is also climbing. If these trends continue, solar power may become very competitive, making it a good long-term investment.
Vocabulary: Describing trends 4(P78)
(1) peak(n) (2) rising(v) (3) soar(v)
(4) remained stable(v) (5) crash(n) (6) go down(v) (7) descent(n) (8) declined(v)
Listening:Reasons for trends 1(P112)
A no speaker B 2 C 4 D 3 E 1 F 5
2(P112)
(1) because
(2) due to the fact that (3) Another reason for (4) as a result of (5) as
Writing:A proposal 4(P113)
Reasons for:
-it has a new deal with Mainline Energy worth 190 million euros -the company has over ten years’ experience in a relatively new field -it hit a high earlier in the year
-the recent fall is described by many analysts as a short-term problem. -it has developed a new silicon-saving technology Reasons against:
-its recent stock price fell by half -there is a shortage of silicon
5(P113)
Dear Mr Keating, In response to your enquiry about Sungreen Power, the company seems to be performing well. One thing to consider is their new sales agreement with Mainline Energy, worth 190 million euros. This should help their share price which recently halved. On the one hand this was caused by a shortage of silicon, but on the other hand Sungreen specialise in technology which requires less silicon. So despite the fall, I would still suggest you consider investing. The fact that solar power costs have continously fallen since the early nineties and look set to equal normal energy costs in the next few year makes this a good investment opportunity. Feel free to call me to discuss any further queries you might have. Best regards 11.3 Reading Test: Part Three
Exam practice (P114)
(1) C (2) D (3) B (4) A (5) D (6) D