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2．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。
如：--- Sorry I?m late. Have you been waiting long? --- Yes, I?ve been waiting for an hour.
3．现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has +been +doing 注：for和since和现在完成进行时态连用。
如：I have been waiting for a long time. He has been waiting since nine o?clock. 三 现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态
1．我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。
如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.)
Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.)
2．我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。
如：I have visited Egypt twice this month.
I have been touring Egypt for two months.
现在完成时态用于回答how many/much的提问，现在完成进行时态用语回答how long的提问。
如：How many times have you swum in the lake?
How long have you been swimming in the lake?
3．状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。
如：I have had this camera for five years. (状态动词)
I have taken photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词） I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动
词）
注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like， know，exist
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4．当 never，yet，already，ever出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。
如：I?ve never visited Paris.
I?ve already been to Paris.
第二单元
一 将来进行时态
1．我们用将来进行时态来：
1）谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。
如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week 2）谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。
如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas.
3）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。
如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.
在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。 4）礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。
如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania? 2．将来进行时态的构成： 1）陈述句：will(not)+v-ing
如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will (not) be flying to Morocco. 2）疑问句：will 提到主语的前面
如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15 July?
th
3）回答：will（not）
如：Yes, they will. /No, they will not(won?t) 二 过去将来时态
1．我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来： 1）表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。
如：They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later.
名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 2) 暗指一个过去的目的。
如：I was going to leave, but then it rained. 3) 暗指一个过去的安排。
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如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.
4) 指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。
如：The journey that was to change Toby?s life started in July that year.
2．陈述句中过去将来时态的构成： 1）would +动词原形
如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling. 2) was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to
如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn?t have time.
It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next
morning.
Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran
towards him.
第三单元
一 过去完成时态
1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。
如：Upon entering the tomb, Carter?s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.
2．在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。
如：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter.-------
Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it
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contained.
3．过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。
如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.
4．过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.
如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died. 5．过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed
如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before
he made his most amazing discovery.
二 现在完成时态还是过去完成时态
当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态。 如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.
当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态。
如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter?s team began to fall ill and die strangly.
牛津高中英语－模块三
第一单元
一 名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍
名词性从句在句中的作用和名词或名词短语的作用是一样的。 ? 我们可以用名词性从句做句子的主语。
如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.
Whether he?ll be able to come is not yet known. Why they have not left yet is unclear. 我们可以用it来做形式主语。
名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 如：It was good news that everyone got back safely. ? 我们可以用名词性从句来做动词的宾语。 如：she sensed that she was being watched. I wonder if/whether that?s a good idea. Polly didn?t know which way she should go. 我们可以用名词性从句来做介词的宾语。 如：I?m interested in who that tall man is.
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There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.
我们可以用it来做形式宾语。 如：we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone. The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running. ? 我们可以用名词性从句来做表语。
如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far. My question is whether Polly can find her way home. The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd. ? 我们可以用名词性从句来做一个名词的同位语。
如：the fact that Polly didn?t ask for the man?s name is a pity. The news that the plane had crashed made us sad. Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing?
? 我们用that，if/whether或一个疑问词来引导名词性从句。 如：I hope that Polly will be OK.
No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.
She couldn?t imagine how the blind man had found her.
二 名词性从句：用that或if/whether引导的名词性从句 1．我们用that 来引导名词性从句。
1）当从句是一个陈述句时，我们用that来引导名词性从句。
如：She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.