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第二单元
一 V-ing 充当形容词或副词 1．v-ing可作： 1）定语
v-ing 可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词。
如：This will have a lasting effect. 有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing前。
如：That was an extremely interesting speech. v-ing 可以和副词或名词构成复合词。
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如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.
A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.
v-ing 可以放在名词后，像定语从句一样修饰名词，v-ing还可以被改成定语从句。
如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.=
People who run these factories are very concerned about
the environment. 2）表语
如：This destruction is frightening. ? 宾语补足语
如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting. 2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示动作同时发生。
如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.
3．v-ing有完成时态，如，having worked
如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time. 二V-ing 短语
v-ing短语可以单独使用，后面也可以接宾语或状语。
名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 如：They sat there smiling.
They sat there smiling at each other. 1．v-ing短语可以表示： 1）时间
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如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly. =When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.
Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. = After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. 2）原因
如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. = We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. 3）结果
如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. = The factory keeps releasing smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty. 4)条件
如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. = If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.
2．连词+v-ing 也可以来表示时间。常用的连词有：when whenever while once until
如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.
3．v-ing 从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致。
如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket. = When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.
名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 4．否定形式是： not+v-ing
如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.
第三单元
一 V-ed形式
v-ed在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法。 1．v-ed可以被用作： 1）定语
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v-ed放在名词的前面，像形容词一样修饰名词。V-ed可以改成定语从句。 如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned. 大部分名词前的v-ed表达被动的含义。但有些v-ed 表达过去的含义，如，escaped retired fallen。比较下面的短语：
表被动：the highly praised scientist ( The scientist has been highly praised.)
表过去：the retired scientist (The scientist has retired.) 有时候可以把副词放在v-ed之前。
如：well-trained teachers
v-ed 可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词。
如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词。
如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.
2）表语
如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams. 3）宾语补足语
如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken. 2．v-ed可以接在动词后面表示动作同时发生。如：stand sit lie
如：She lay trapped under the building for three days. (She lay
名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 there and was trapped.)
二 V-ed短语
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v-ed短语可以是v-ed单独使用，也可以后面接宾语和/或状语。
如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.
She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.
1．表被动的v-ed短语可以表示： 1）时间
如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science. = The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science. 2）原因
如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper. = The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article. 3) 条件
如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts. 2．v-ed形式有一个逻辑主语。在上述例子中，逻辑主语都是主句的主语。
如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science
the woman who was shocked by the article the cell tissue which is treated with electricity 所有这些主语都跟主句的主语一致。 三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容词
1．v-ing形式用来描述某人或某物给人造成某种感觉，在意义上通常是主动的。
如：I noticed an amazing difference.
Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of
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themselves in the future. 2．v-ed形式用来表达我们对某人或某事的感觉，在意义上通常是被动的，因为它表示我们被一个动作所影响。
如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell. The boy was more frightened than hurt.
牛津高中英语－模块六
第一单元
时态的概要1：现在时态
现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间，包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态。 1．我们用一般现在时态来谈论： 1）现在或一直是正确的事情。
如：I am at a comedy show. The sun rises in the east.
2）经常发生的事情。
如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year. Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a
thing, called a prop.
2．我们用现在进行时态来谈论： 1）现在正在发生或正在进行的动作
如：The audience is laughing at the joke.
I don?t understand why I am not losing weight!
2）现在正在被计划，但在将来发生的动作。
如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.
They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.
3）重复发生的动作，和always一起使用，通常带有否定的附加含义
如：You are always making the same mistakes!
Sue is always changing her mind.
3．我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的。它用于：