标准日本语初级总结笔记
一．词汇性质 ......................................................................................................... 13
1.指示代词 .................................................................................................................... 13 2.代词 ............................................................................................................................ 13 3.疑问词 ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.1
なに/なに
何
....................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2どれ/どの .................................................................................................................................... 13 3.3だれ/どなた ................................................................................................................................ 13 3.4どこ ............................................................................................................................................. 14 3.5いくら ......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.6いつ/何時 .................................................................................................................................... 14 3.7おいくつ/何歳 ............................................................................................................................ 14 3.8いくつ ......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.9どう/どんな/何 ........................................................................................................................... 14 3.10どうして ................................................................................................................................... 14 3.11どのぐらい/どれぐらい .......................................................................................................... 14 3.12どうしましたか。 ................................................................................................................... 14 3.13どうやって。 ........................................................................................................................... 15 3.14いかがですか。 ....................................................................................................................... 15
4.助词 ............................................................................................................................ 15
4.1.は ................................................................................................................................................. 15 4.2.と ................................................................................................................................................. 16 4.3.も ................................................................................................................................................. 16 4.4.へ ................................................................................................................................................. 17 4.5を ................................................................................................................................................. 17 4.6.か ................................................................................................................................................. 17 4.7で ................................................................................................................................................. 18 4.8よ ................................................................................................................................................. 19 4.9に ................................................................................................................................................. 19
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4.10が ............................................................................................................................................... 20 4.11でも ........................................................................................................................................... 21 4.12の ............................................................................................................................................... 22
5.副词 ............................................................................................................................ 22 6.叹词 ............................................................................................................................ 28 7．接续词 ..................................................................................................................... 29
二．时态/形态 ........................................................................................................ 31
1.动词 ............................................................................................................................ 31
1.1时态 ............................................................................................................................................. 31 1.2形态 ............................................................................................................................................. 31 1.3自动词与他动词 ......................................................................................................................... 34
2.形容词 ........................................................................................................................ 34
2.1.时态/形态 .................................................................................................................................... 34 2.2.形容词修饰名词 ......................................................................................................................... 35 2.3.形容词の并列 ............................................................................................................................. 35 2.4.形容词→副词 ............................................................................................................................. 36 2.5形容词→名词 ............................................................................................................................. 36 2.6.形容词の变化形 ......................................................................................................................... 36
三．词法 ................................................................................................................. 38
1.会社員?社員「１」 ................................................................................................ 38 2.上/下/前/後ろ/隣/中/外/左/右「2」 .................................................... 38 3.～ごろ「４」 ............................................................................................................ 38 4.家/うち「６」 ......................................................................................................... 38 5.さっき/たった今「８」 ........................................................................................... 38 6.前に「时间」「８」 .................................................................................................. 39 7.表示程度的副词「９」 ............................................................................................ 39
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うえしたまえうしとなりなかそとひだりみぎ
いえ
8.表示频率的副词「11」 ............................................................................................ 39 9.用「９」 .................................................................................................................. 39 10.世界中「10」 ..................................................................................................... 39 11.形容词＋の「10」 .................................................................................................. 39 12.最近「12」 .............................................................................................................. 40 13．駅前「13」 ........................................................................................................... 40 14.お金を下ろします「14」 ...................................................................................... 40 15.無理をしてはいけません「15」 .......................................................................... 40 16.薬を出します .......................................................................................................... 40
じゅう
よう
せかいじゅう
17.～中に ................................................................................................................... 40
こえおと
18.声/音 ........................................................................................................................ 41 19．3割引 ................................................................................................................. 41
にあ
わりびき
20.似合う ..................................................................................................................... 41 21.何＋量词＋も＋肯定 .............................................................................................. 41 22.～のところ .............................................................................................................. 41 23.あたり/辺 ................................................................................................................. 41 24.通う/行く ............................................................................................................... 42 25先 .............................................................................................................................. 42 26楽しみです .............................................................................................................. 42 27.～でいっぱい .......................................................................................................... 42 28.でできた .................................................................................................................. 43 29．ほど/ぐらい .......................................................................................................... 43 30.それにしても .......................................................................................................... 43
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31.あちこち .................................................................................................................. 43 32.もったいない .......................................................................................................... 44 33.何かあった .............................................................................................................. 44 34あと～ ...................................................................................................................... 44 35.どの家でも .............................................................................................................. 44 36.名のとおりに .......................................................................................................... 44 37．数量词は～ ........................................................................................................... 45 38とにかく .................................................................................................................. 45 39数量词＋とも .......................................................................................................... 45 40参りました .............................................................................................................. 45
ま
こ
41.巻き込まれて ......................................................................................................... 45 42～に似ています ....................................................................................................... 45 43.点动词/持续动词 ..................................................................................................... 46
43.1までに/まで .............................................................................................................................. 46 43.2間に/間 ...................................................................................................................................... 46
四．句型 ................................................................................................................. 47
1.判断句「1」 .............................................................................................................. 47
1.1……は……です。「肯定」 ........................................................................................................ 47 1.2……は……では（じゃ）ありません。「否定」 .................................................................... 47 1.3 ……は……ですが。「疑问」 ................................................................................................ 47 1.4……はですか、……はですか。「选择疑问」 ........................................................................ 48
2．存在句「3」 ........................................................................................................... 48
2.1…は…に あります。「无意志」 .............................................................................................. 48 2.2…は…に います。「有意志」 .................................................................................................. 48 2.3……に……があります。「无意志」 ........................................................................................ 48 2.4……に……がいます。「有意志」 ............................................................................................ 49
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2.5……で……が あります。「11」 ............................................................................................ 49 2.6あります/います ........................................................................................................................ 49
3.全部肯定/否定 ........................................................................................................... 49
3.1疑问词+も+否定 ........................................................................................................................ 49 3.2疑问词+でも＋肯定（常用） ................................................................................................... 49 疑问词+も＋肯定 ............................................................................................................................. 49 3.3まだ＋否定 ................................................................................................................................. 50
4.时间句 ........................................................................................................................ 50
4.1今～時～分です。 ................................................................................................................ 50 4.2时间修饰动作 ............................................................................................................................. 50 4.3名「时间」から 名「时间」まで 动 ................................................................................. 51 4.4いつ 动 ますか。「4」 ......................................................................................................... 51 4.5名「时间」に 名「次数」＋动 ....................................................................................... 51
いま
じ
ふん
5.场所句 ........................................................................................................................ 51
5.1名「场所」 へ动 ....................................................................................................................... 51 5.2名「场所」から 名「场所」まで 动 ............................................................................... 52 5.3名 で 动「7」 ..................................................................................................................... 52 5.4名「场所」 で 动 ................................................................................................................... 52 5.5名「场所」を 动 ..................................................................................................................... 52
6并列关系 .................................................................................................................... 53
6.1名 と 名. .................................................................................................................................... 53 6.2（名「人」） と 动 .................................................................................................................... 53 6.3名や 名など ............................................................................................................................. 53 6.3名 か 名 ..................................................................................................................................... 53
7.祈使句 ........................................................................................................................ 53
7.1名を ください。 ................................................................................................................. 53
8.授受关系「8」 .......................................................................................................... 54
8.1授受关系 ..................................................................................................................................... 54 8.2 补助动词 .................................................................................................................................. 54
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