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bathing / swimming / riding / hunting costume
He was in academic costume.
41. tread: to walk or step, to put the foot down on (Notice: the mind is fixed on the feet)
42. cautious: having or showing great care, as if there might be some danger, esp. fear of failure or harm to oneself or others, act very carefully so as to avoid or to minimized the risks of disaster The thief cautiously opened the door. The troops advanced with great caution. 43. twinge: a sudden sharp pain
to feel a twinge in the region of heart a twinge of toothache / conscience
44. embarrass: to feel ashamed or socially uncomfortable
45. prospect: reasonable hope, sth. which is expected or considered probable She was quite excited by the prospect of seeing...soon. He was in high spirits at the prospect.
The scandal ruined his prospects. I see no prospect of his recovery.
prospect: a wide or distant view, esp. seen from a high place
From the top of the hill there's a beautiful prospect over the valley. cf:
expectation: thing that is expected The boy has great prospects / expectation. We came here with the expectation of meeting the mayor, but I see no prospects of seeing him now since he is oblivious of us humbles.
46. emotion: any of the strong feelings of the human spirit Love, hatred, and grief are emotions.
His speech has an effect on our emotions rather than our reason. 47. bombardment: attack, onslaught
bombard: to attack with artillery / shells, or bombers
48. slay (slew, slain): (lit.) kill or murder, to kill, esp. violently, put to death
49. linger on: to live on the point of death for some time, esp. when suffering from a disease, be slow in dying
The pain lingered on for weeks (was slow to disappear). The dying man lingered on.
He's no better, but he's lingering on by sheer will power.
linger: to wait for a time which is considered too long instead of going, stay, delay going
The newly acquainted young couple lingered around the hall long after the concert had ended. She shouldn't have lingered after the others had left---that was fatal.
50. agony: very great pain or suffering of mind or body, suggesting suffering so intense that both body and mind are involved in a struggle to endure the unbearable, intolerable
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He suffered agonies from his broken arm.
The country must not again go through the agony of war. The refugees are experiencing the agony of... the agony of defeat and the thrill of victory
Thousands upon thousands of others were on the brink of death, suffering the intense, unbearable pain both physically and spiritually, and dying slowly.
51. inhibit: cause one to suppress certain thoughts or desires because of the environmental condition
His way of teaching is dull, and inhibits imagination. This medicine will inhibit the spread of the disease.
inhibited: (of people's character) unable to express what one really feels or do what one really wants, feeling restrained, having to suppress one's emotion They were too inhibited to laugh freely. 52. agitate: to stir, upset, disturb The speech agitated the crowd.
agitated: emotionally disturbed and excited. The audience was agitated.
agitator: person who stirs up public opinion, esp on a political matter
agitation: painful excitement of the mind or feelings, anxiety, a public argument, unrest None of them noticed her agitation. be in agitation 53. assent: (fml) agreement, an acceptance (of a statement) as true It basically apply to opinion or proposal, suggesting understanding The committee assented to our proposals.
The teacher answered with a brief nod of assent.
agree: It can imply previous disagreement, discussion and attempts of persuading I don't agree with him on many things.
I think it impossible to agree to your proposals.
54. sink in: penetrate, esp. gradually, to enter a solid through the surface, be fully absorbed or understood,
If the ink sinks in, it'll be hard to remove the spot from the cloth.
When Frank heard that war had started, it didn't sink in for a long time until his father was drafted into the army.
I think the lesson has sunk in, he won't make the same mistake again. The beam sinks earthwards. 55. jolt: to shake or be shocked
The cart jolted along over the rough road, jolting every bone in his body. With a tremendous jolt the car started. to run over a hole and receive a jolt The news was a jolt to me. 大家网，大家的！ http://www.topsage.com 更多精品在大家！
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56. reverie: dreamy thinking, esp. of agreeable things, that state of being absorbed in dreamlike contemplation, daydreaming
He loved to indulge in reveries about his future.
He was awakened from his reverie by the teacher's question. She sat at the window, deep in reverie.
He was sunk in reverie and did not hear me.
When one is preoccupied with sth., he has preoccupations. And he is always oblivious of the things around. He is in deep reverie.
57. heinous: (lit) (of wicked people or acts) very shameful, very bad, hatefully and shockingly evil, abominable, outrageous, so openly and shamelessly bad or so conspicuous that it excited hatred or horror
Treason has always been regarded as a heinous crime. 58. confess: admit
Confession: a religious service at which a person tells his faults to a priest
Confess usu. applies to what one feels to be wrong. If you confess sth. or confess to sth., You admit that you have done sth. that you feel ashamed of, or embarrassed about. But admit stresses reluctance, or unwillingness.
In usage, these two words are almost the same, both can be followed by a clause, a noun, a gerund (with or without a ―to‖) or a complex object. Usage:
to confess / admit that...
to confess / admit one's sins / error / crime to confess / admit hating sb. / the weakness to admit to stealing / the murder / to confess oneself to be guilty
to confess / admit oneself to be beaten
But confess is often followed by a ―to‖: He confesses to having done it.
She confessed readily to what she described as an ignorance of modern science.
59. cataclysm: a violent and sudden change or event, esp. a serious flood or earth quake or a war, disaster
60. trace: a visible mark or sign of the former presence of a thing or event, a mark or sign showing the former presence or passing of some person, vehicle, or event.
61. preserve: (fml or lit) to keep from destruction, to protect. The word stresses the idea of resistance to destructive agencies and hence implies the use of means to keep sth. in existence Old records are preserved by protecting them from light and moisture.
62. erect: (fml) to build or establish (a solid thing which was not there before, construct, set up Erect basically means to set upright, while Build strictly implies a fitting together of parts and materials to form sth. which may be large or small to erect a flagpole
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Many factories erected during that period.
63. impact: collision, an impinging or striking esp. of one body against another, the action of one object hitting another, with great force, the force of impression of one thing on another, an impelling or compelling effect
The car hit the stone wall with great impact.
a target constructed to resist the impact of a bullet
We see the impact of modern science on our society everywhere. The book made a great impact on its readers.
the concrete embankment built to resist the impact of floods
Notice: This word is normally used as uncountable noun but sometimes can have an indefinite article but never plural form.
64. demolish: pull down or tear down, to destroy
65. somehow: in some way not yet know or stated, by some means, for some reason that is not clear
66. belly: (infml) 'abdomen, stomach, paunch are synonyms when naming the front part of the human trunk below the chest
67. spare: to keep from harming, punishing or attacking Take my money but spare my life.
They prayed that Allah might spare the village from starvation.
68. feel sick: vomit, upset in the stomach so as to want to throw up what is in it. 69. or else: or if not, or otherwise. This expression is basically used as a threat He must pay 0 or else go to jail. Do what I tell you or else! 70. commit:
a. to do, to perform sth. bad, wrong or unlawful to commit an error / many horrible crimes
b. to order sb. to be placed under the control of another or in a mental hospital
71. humiliate: to cause to feel humble or to lose the respect of others, to hurt the pride or dignity of
He humiliated her beyond endurance.
72. encounter: to meet or be faced by sth. bad, esp. a danger or a difficulty. n. sudden or unexpected, esp. hostile meeting with What if we should encounter a bear? 73. . on the part of: by, of
It will arouse deep suspicions on the part of our allies. I apologize for any mistake on my part.
74. scare; a mark remaining on the skin or an organ from a wound, cut, etc.
76. victim: a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, destruction, etc. as a result of other people's actions, of illness, bad luck, etc.
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77. genetic damage: a damage, harm, illness which have been passed on / inherited and will be passed on from generation to generation
78. earthly: of this world as opposed to heaven; material worldly as opposed to spiritual
earthly care: daily life and worries, cares on the earth which is in contrast with that in heaven, in death.
Unit 3: Ships in the Desert by Al Gore
I . Additional Background Knowledge 1. Al Gore the author 2. Clean Air Act
3. The Aral Sea
II . Introduction to the Passage
1. Type of literature: a piece of exposition 2. The purpose of a piece of exposition: --- to inform or explain
3. Ways of developing the thesis of a piece of exposition:
--- comparison, contrast, analogy, identification, illustration, analysis, definition, etc.
4. The central thought or thesis III . Effective Writing Skills
1. making effective use of specific verbs
2. discussing the solution to environmental problems from a politician’s point of view, that is, relating the solution to environmental destruction to the solution to arm races IV . Rhetorical Devices 1. understatement 2. metaphor
V . Special Difficulties
1. analyzing the structure of some long and complicated sentences
2. understanding the scientific matters connected with ecological environment 3. translating long and complicated sentences 4. mastering the rules of word formation VI . Questions
1. How has human civilization now become the dominant cause of change in the global environment?
2. What changes in the global environment present a strategic threat to human civilization? How
should we face this challenge and solve the problem?
3.What solutions does the writer put forward to our ecological problems? Detailed Teaching Notes:
I. Background knowledge
1. About the author:
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