1、 国际法Definition of International law：
国际法是指国家在国际交往中形成的，用以调整国际关系，主要是国家间权利义务关系的、有约束力的原则、规则和制度的总和。（Refer to a body of rules governing international relations.）
International law is commonly used to describe the whole system of rules that regulate the relationship between/among states, international organizations, and other international legal persons.
2、 与国内法相比，国际法的特征Features of international law compared with municipal law：
A. Subjects
Sovereign states, international organizations, and state-like entities are the principal subjects of international law, among which states are the key legal persons of international law. 调整对象即主体：(国内法)自然人、法人、合伙组织(国际法)国家、国际组织
B. Law-making process
Unlike the national law, international law is not made by one ruler, but by many equal rulers in the forms of treaty and custom. 法律制定程序：(国内法)存在立法机构。例如：议会。(国际法)无。通过磋商（国
际条约）和国家习惯
C. Law enforcement
Unlike the municipal law enforcement regime, international law is not enforced by a centralized government. There is no international police. The international court can not exercise jurisdiction over states without their consent. International law is enforced by combined means of self-defense, collective defense, public opinion pressure, a limited organized force. 法律强制执行
力：(国内法)有系统、有组织。例如军队、警察和司法机关。(国际法)不存在军队和警察系统，但司法机关存在，但司法权的行使必须征得争议国家的共同同意。
3、 国际法之父 Father of International Law：
荷兰人格劳秀斯Hugo Grotius——“God has given conscience a judicial power to be the sovereign guide of human actions.\
4、国际法与国内法的关系Relationship between International law and Municipal Law：
一元论Monism: One single legal system.
It views the international law system and municipal law system as components(组成)of a single legal system. When the international law conflicts with municipal law, some monists claim that the international law shall prevail over(胜过)the municipal law, but other monists think that the municipal law shall have supremacy(霸权）over the international law. (一旦冲突，国内法优先或者国际法优先)
二元论Dualism: Two independent legal systems.
Dualists believe that international law and municipal law are independent with each other. Municipal law is designed to deal with domestic（国内的）issues and to keep domestic order, and on the contrary, international law is made to cope with（处理）international legal issues and to maintain international order. International law can not directly be applied in domestic society, conversely（相反的）domestic law can not impose itself on international legal system.(法律之间
的适用不能转化，只能在各自调整领域范围内发生作用)
5、国家地位的传统标准 Classic criteria for statehood：
Permanent Population 永久的人口 Defined Territory 确定的领土
Government (with actual control over the territory) 政权组织（实际控制领土） Capacity to Enter into Relations with other States 参与国际事务的能力
6、和平共处五项原则 Five Fundamental Principles：
1）Principle of mutual respect for sovereignty and integrity of territory 互相尊重主权和领土完整 2）Principle of mutual non-aggression 互不侵略
3）Principle of non-intervention in domestic affairs 不干涉他国内政 4）Principle of equality and mutual benefit 平等互利 5）Principle of peaceful co-existence 和平共存
7、国家类型 Types of States：
Federal State 联邦制国家 eg: Canada Central State 单一制国家
Permanently Neutral State 永久中立国 eg: Switzerland瑞士、Austria奥地利 Mini-State 小独立国 eg: Naura瑙鲁 Vatican City State 教皇国
8、政府间组织 Inter-Governmental Organizations：
1）Created by agreement between states
2）International personality depends on constitution
3）International organization must have powers which are necessarily required by its functions
9、联合国The United Nations：
1）宗旨Purposes of UN
a. To maintain international peace & security
b. To develop friendly relations among nations based on principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples
c. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character and in promoting respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms
d. To be the centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these common ends 2）结构——六个重要机构 Structure of UN---Six principal organs
? General Assembly联合国大会- designed to be forum for discussion with narrow scope of
power
? Security Council安全理事会 - the enforcement organ, little discussion, great power ? Secretariat秘书处- administrative, ceremonial, figurehead, depository of treaties
? Trusteeship Council托管理事会- oversaw trust territories, but suspended operation 1
Nov. 1994
? Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)经济及社会理事会- forum for economic and
social issues
? International Court of Justice (ICJ)国际法院- dispute resolution (contentious cases) - guidance on international legal issue (advisory opinion) PS：Membership of Security Council 安全理事会的成员 i. 15 members 15个成员国
ii. 5 permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, UK, and US 五个常任理事国：中国、法国、苏联、英国、美国
Security Council Voting Procedure 安理会投票程序 i. On procedure requires 9 affirmative votes
对于程序事项之决议，应以九理事国之可决票表决之
ii. On all other matters: 9 affirmative votes including permanent members
对于其他一切事项之决议，应以九理事国之可决票包括全体常任理事国之同意票表决之 —a permanent member can abstain and wouldn’t be considered as a vote against 一个常任理事国可以弃权并且不会被视作反对票
—a permanent member vote against would veto the resolution 任一常任理事国的反对票都可以否决决议
10、国籍 Nationality of an individual：
定义：An individual’s nationality is a bond between an individual and a state that establishes their reciprocal rights and duties. 个人的国籍是一种规定了个人和国家相互之间权利与义务的契约。
Three ways to acquire nationality: 1. Parentage (blood rule) 血统主义 2. Place of birth (soil rule) 出生地主义 3. Change of nationality 国籍变更
Special issue of dual or multiple nationality and statelessness. Reduce/eliminate dual or multiple nationality and statelessness:
双重国籍、多重国籍、无国籍的特殊问题。减少或消除双重国籍、多重国籍、无国籍： 1.Through municipal legislation 通过国内立法 2. By bilateral treaty 通过双边条约
3. By multilateral arrangement 通过多边协商
11、国际法的渊源 Sources of International Law：
? Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice Court shall apply——Three sources
a. international conventions 国际公约 b. international custom 国际习惯
c. general principles of law 一般法律原则
12、条约 Treaties：
Nature of Treaties 条约的本质 1. Essential features 必要特征
a. intention of parties to create binding obligations
各方意图创立有约束性的契约
b. agreement to be governed by international law 协议以国际法为准
2. Distinction is sometimes drawn between law-making treaties and treaty-contracts
区别有时存在于造法性条约和契约性条约之间
a. Law-making treaties codify, define or interpret international law 造法性契约编纂、定义、解释国际法
b. Treaty-contracts do not create general rules of international law, only create obligations between parties
契约性条约并不创制国际法的基本规则，只是制定各方之间的契约 3. Binding force of treaties: Pacta sunt servanda 条约的约束力：条约必须遵守原则
4. Generally based on reciprocal obligation; but unilateral declaration of intent may create international obligations under unusual circumstances
总体上基于互相之间的权利义务，但单方声明的意图会产生特殊情况下的国际契约
条约的保留 Reservations：
A. Definition of reservation 保留的定义
B. Two separate questions arise: “permissibility” and “opposability” 出现两个独立的问题：允许、可反对
C. Legal effect of reservations 保留的法律效果
D. Bear in mind procedural requirements; most important is that reservations must be made in writing and communicated to the contracting states.
牢记程序要求，最重要的是保留必须通过书面形式确定，并且传达给缔约国的沟通。 E. Also keep in mind distinction between reservations and “interpretative declarations” 同时牢记保留与“解释性声明”之间的区别
条约的解释 Interpretation of Treaties：
1. Theoretical approaches to interpretation: there are three major schools of thought a. “Objective” approach b. “Subjective” approach c. “Teleological” approach
2. Major differences revolve around issue of what material is brought into interpretation process; second and third approaches involve looking to extrinsic evidence including past treaties, past practice, etc.
Two requirements：
1. Consistent & general practice among states (objective element) 2. Acceptance as law by states: opinio juris (subjective element)
13、国家承认理论THEORIES OF RECOGNITION：
Two theories of the effects of recognition 1. Constitutive Theory 构成说
2. Declaratory Theory 宣告说
3. More accurate view is that recognition has both constitutive and declaratory aspects.
14、国家豁免 State immunity:
Scope of Immunity 豁免范围： 1) government
2) government organs
3) leader of government, ministers, officials and agents of the state in relation to their official acts 4) public corporations independently created but operating in effect as government organs 5) state owned property
15、绝对豁免与有限豁免 Absolute Immunity vs Restrictive Immunity：
1. Absolute immunity: any and all acts of the sovereign enjoy immunity from the jurisdiction of courts of another State.
绝对豁免：任何与主权相关的行为有免于他国法院法律管辖的权利。
2. Restrictive immunity: immunity should be enjoyed only for acts of a governmental nature not for commercial acts.
有限豁免：只享有针对政府性质行为而非商业行为的豁免权。 3. Latter doctrine found increasing acceptance around the world. 后一种学说在世界各地越来越多地被接受。
16、领土取得 JURISDICTION OVER LAND：
? ? ? ? ?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Occupation 先占 Cession 割让 Prescription 时效 Conquest 征服 Accretion 添附
Jurisdiction Over Marine Zones 海洋区域管辖权 17、领海 Territorial Sea
Territorial Sea (12 n. miles from baseline) 领海（从基线量起12海里） A. Distinction between territorial sea and internal waters. 领海和内水的区别。
B. Drawing baselines 绘制基线
Contiguous Zone (12 n. miles from territorial water)
毗连区（从领海量起12海里）
Ps: Normal Baseline正常基线 and Straight Baseline直线基线
领海无害通过权（Right of innocent passage through the territorial sea）
Foreign ship enjoyed by a country's territorial waters innocent passage, is recognized as international law rules, the territorial sea and the contiguous zone convention and the UN convention on the law recognized harmless by right of the practice and make it as a kind of system. United Nations convention on the law provisions, \all countries, no matter for the coastal state or landlocked, their ships shall have the right to harmlessly through the territorial sea.