外国船舶享有经由一国领海的无害通过权，是国际法公认的规则，《领海与毗连区公约》和《联合国海洋法公约》均承认无害通过权这项惯例并把它确定为一种制度。《联合国海洋法公约》规定，“在本公约的限制下，所有的国家，不论为沿海国或内陆国，其船舶均享有无害通过领海的权利。
Innocent passage means that referring to without doing damage to the coastal states ,no cases of peace, security and good order, without prior notice or consent of the coastal state licensing and on and on through the territorial sea or for entering the inland waters or from the internal to the high seas sailing through the territorial sea.
无害通过是指在不损害沿岸国和平、安全与良好秩序的情况下，无须事先通知或征得沿海国许可而继续不停地穿过领海或为驶入内水或自内水驶往公海而通过领海的航行。
18、专属经济区 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)：
A. Customary international law be codified by UNCLOS
根据《联合国海洋法公约》编纂而成的习惯国际法 B. Definition and breadth 定义和宽度
1. Specific legal regime beyond territorial sea 领海以外的具体法律制度 2. Overlaps with contiguous zone 与毗连区重叠
3. Not extending beyond 200 n.m. from baseline 不超过从基线起200海里
C. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of coastal state 权利、管辖权和沿海国家的职责 1. Limited sovereign rights, mainly over natural resources 有限的主权权利，主要是关于自然资源 2. Regulatory powers of coastal state in EEZ
沿海国家在专属经济区的监管权力 a. Artificial islands 人工岛屿
b. Conservation of living resources 生物资源的保护 c. Utilization of living resources 生物资源的利用
D. Rights and duties of other states 其它国家的权利与义务
19、公海 High Seas：
A. Definition: all parts of the sea not in EEZ, territorial sea or internal waters of a State 定义：除专属经济区、领海、内水以外一个国家全部的水域。 B. Legal regime of high seas 公海的法律制度
1. Freedom of navigation, over-flight, cable laying, artificial islands, fishing 航行自由、飞越自由、电缆铺设自由、建造人工岛屿的自由、捕鱼自由 2. Reserved for peaceful purposes 只用于和平目的
3. Limited exceptions to freedom of navigation 航行自由的有限例外 C. Flag-state jurisdiction 船旗国管辖权 D. Right of hot pursuit 紧追权
20、航空管辖Jurisdiction over Airspace：
Civil Aviation Safety Regime 民用航空安全制度
A. 1963 Tokyo Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft 1963年《关于在航空器上犯罪和其他某些行为的公约》（《东京公约》） B. 1970 Hague Convention for Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft
1970年《关于制止非法劫持航空器的公约》（《海牙公约》） C. 1971 Montreal Sabotage Convention
1971年《关于制止危害国际民用航空安全非法行为的公约》（《蒙特利尔公约》）
21、国家对人的管辖权STATE JURISDICTION OVER PERSONS
Jurisdiction Over Offence 罪行管辖权
A. Scope of Jurisdiction Generally 管辖权的总体范围 B. Bases of Criminal Jurisdiction 刑事管辖权的基础 1）Territorial Principle 属地原则 2）Nationality Principle 属人原则
3）Passive Personality Principle 被动人格原则 4）Protective Principle 保护原则 5）Universal Principle 普遍性原则 6）By Agreement 依照约定
22、和平解决国际争端机制INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT：
Non-adjudicative Procedures and Adjudicative Procedure 非司法程序和司法程序 1. Non-adjudicative Procedures 非司法程序 a. Negotiation 谈判 b. Good offices 斡旋 c. Mediation 调停 d. Inquiry 调查 e. Conciliation 和解
2. Adjudicative Procedures 司法程序 a. Arbitration 仲裁
b. Judicial settlement 司法解决
23、国际法院 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE：
Judges of the Court 法院的法官
A. Composition of the Court 法院的组成 1）15 members: elected by GA and SC of UN
15位法官：由联合国大会和联合国安全理事会选举产生 2）Judges’ qualification 法官的资格
3）Body as a whole should represent main forms of civilization and legal systems. 法官作为整体应当能够代表世界的主要文明形式和主要法系。 B. The role of nationality 国籍的作用
1）Only one judge of each nationality 每个国际只能有一名法官
2）Party to a dispute may appoint a judge of its nationality if one is not already on the bench 争端各方可以指定一名该国国籍的法官——如果该法官并不在法官席上。
C. Overall composition of the Court has changed over the years to reflect the development of regional representation within the U.N. system more generally.
法院的总体结果在过去数年发生了一定变化以反应区域代表的发展在联合国系统中更加普遍。
Jurisdiction of the Court 法院的管辖权
A. Unlimited as to subject matter 对内容问题无限制
B. Jurisdiction over States based on voluntary acceptance, which generally takes place in one of three ways:对于国家的管辖权是基于自愿接受的情况，一般以三种方式产生： 1）By special agreement 通过特别协定 2）By treaty provision 通过条约规定
3）By way of \” 通过“任择条款”的方式 C. Court has final word on whether or not it has jurisdiction.
法院对于是否具有管辖权具有最终意见。
D. In certain rare instances, Court may be precluded from exercising jurisdiction over a dispute in which two parties have accepted its jurisdiction because of the effect of the judgment on third parties. 在某些罕见情况下，当争议各方已经由于法院对于第三方裁决的效果而接受了其管辖权，法院可能被排阻止行使管辖权。
24、使用武力的依据 Justifications for the Use of Force：
The Right of Self-Defence
A. At customary international law: subject to requirements of necessity and proportionality B. Right preserved in U.N. Charter Article 51
C. Have developments in the last few years changed the parameters of the right of self-defense, particularly 9/11?
25、三代人权 The notion of “generations” of rights：
1）Civil and political rights as “first generation rights” 公民政治权利
2）Economic, social and cultural rights as “second generation rights” 经济、社会、文化权利 3）A “third generation” of rights, variously referred to as collective rights or solidarity rights（集体权利和连带权利）, was the subject debate in the 1970s and 1980s. a. Right to environment b. Right to peace
c. Right to development
26、三个关于人权的公约：
Human rights treaties generally establish committees to monitor treaty implementation, E.g.: a. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 消除种族歧视
b. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 消除性别歧视 c. Committee against Torture 消除逼供
27、审判机构 Adjudicative Bodies：
Adjudicative bodies set up pursuant to regional human rights instruments are the source of some of the most progressive and far-reaching human rights jurisprudence. 1）European Court of Human Rights 欧洲人权法院
2）Inter-American Court of Human Rights 美洲人权法院
3）African Court of Justice and Human Rights 非洲正义与人权法院
28、国际环境法的当代发展 Selected Contemporary Developments：
A. The Role of Non-State Actors 非政府组织的作用
B. Sustainable Development: purporting to reconcile environment and development可持续发展 C. Intergenerational Equity 代际公平
D. The Environment, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law 环境、人权和人道主义法律 E. The Precautionary Principle 预防原则
F. Environmental Impact Assessment 环境影响评价
G. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities 共同但有区别的责任 H. Polluter Pays Concept 谁污染谁治理
29、国际刑事法院THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT：
Structure of Rome Statute: Preamble followed by Parts 1-13 1.Establishment of the Court
2. Jurisdiction, Admissibility and Applicable Law 3. General Principles of Criminal Law
4. Composition and Administration of the Court 5. Investigation and Prosecution 6. The Trial 7. Penalties
8. Appeal and Revision
9. International Cooperation and Judicial Assistance 10. Enforcement
11. Assembly of States Parties 12. Financing
13. Final Clauses
PS：What Is International Criminal Law
A. Has been referred to as a product of “the convergence of two disciplines: 1. the penal aspects of international law and
2. the international aspects of national criminal law.
B. Fairly loose and broad term, but used in this chapter to refer to the body of norms dealing with “international crimes”.
C. Has gained enormous momentum over the past fifteen years, in no small measure because of the Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the International Criminal Court.
30、国际经济法：
Definition of International Economic Law
International economic law has been defined as all the international law and international agreements governing economic transactions that cross state boundaries or
otherwise have implications for more than one state.
Current International Economic System
A. The system is based on the international regulations established by Bretton Woods Conference 1944.
B. Three pillars of the system
1. International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2. The World Bank
3. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was replaced by WTO in 1995
Fields WTO Covers
a. Tariffs
b. Agriculture c. Textiles d. Services
e. Intellectual Property
Basic Principles of Multilateral Agreements on Trade in Goods
1. Most-favored national treatment 2. National treatment
3. Schedule of concessions 4. Quantitative restrictions 5. Transparency
6. Exceptions such as protection of pubic morals, of human and animal life and health, and of environment, exceptions for free-trade zones and custom unions, etc.
7. Special provisions on developing countries.
International Investment Law
Main Features
A. Cooperation and conflict between capital exporting countries and capital importing countries leads to this law.
B. The law consists of bilateral or multilateral investment treaties, investment insurance schemes, and investment dispute settlement mechanisms.
Investment Insurance Schemes
A. Some capital exporting countries have established national investment insurance schemes.
B. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency