A：House prices climbed sharply during the first half of the year before falling drastically in August.
B：There was a sharp climb in house prices during the first half of the year before drastic fall in August.
线形图的思路总结：
①因为趋势是线形图的精髓，因此第一步是描述趋势
②先单独观察选定首先讨论的线的特征，然后分阶段讨论这一条线
③由于出线图时很少出现单一一条线，然而之所以出多条线是有“对比”的暗示，因此第三步是对比
Ⅱ饼图： §4 factors：
⑴主要特征（如：占据最大）
⑵第二主要特征（如：占据最小） ⑶次要特征（如：较平均占据）
⑷特殊项独立成段（总体数据、另外数据）
§Sentence structure
⑴主体+占据(v)+…%
⑵…%+be+占据(ved)+by+主体 ⑶…%+goes to +某个方面 ⑷…%+of sb+v+sth
表占据：occupy，comprise，constitute,account for,make up,take up 表最大：biggest，hugest，largest，leading
表最大句型：…ranks the first place which occupies…%
表最小句型：…ranks the last/final place which occupies…%
§Nina’s handouts
1、“比较”的方法： “超过”：surpass，outnumber，exceed;“紧跟”：follow；“排列”：rank（the first）
Eg：The amount of runners in US showed a dramatic growth during these 30 years，outnumbering that of China
2、A take the largest amount,followed by B and C A occupied the largest amount with B and C,ranking the second and the third respectively
III柱图
⑴有时间因素：
①数据随时间变化：写法约等于线形图（+同横坐标内数据的比较）
②时间参与数据比较：如剑6小图2，可以选择大小量对比或者趋势对比，但后者更优
⑵无时间因素：
对比即可，注意导入数据
§Nina’s handouts
导入数据的方法：
1、 介词：with、at、（）、to、by、from…to… 2、 非谓语:，falling/increasing from …to…、，making up…、，accounting for 20%、，amounting to…
3、 定语从句：which falls…、which is…、which constitutes up…、which account for…
§Linking methodsf
①表示相似的词：Similarly,…/likewise,…/the pattern is similar for…/…follow/…tell the same pattern
②表示比较的词However,…/in contrast,…/in comparison,…/on the contrary/while(连词)/by contrast,…/compared with…/On the other hand…
③提示性的词：For…/to…/as for…/as to…/turning to…/referring to…/in terms of…,…/in regard to…/when it comes to…
④number的同义词：data（资料、材料），figure（数字、计算、算数），statistics（统计学、统计数据），
amount（数量、总计），quantity（量、数量），digit（数字）
⑤percentage的同义词：percent，proportion，radio，share
表达“比例”关系的句型：The radio of A to B is X to Y Eg:The radio of puils to teacher is 30:1.
⑥stay的同义词：stable at，remain，stabilized at…
⑦表示将来的句型：will do…/be likely to…/tend to…(有某种倾向某种趋势)/be predicted(预言的) to do…/be estimated(估计的) to do…/be forecasted(预报预测) to do…/be supported to do…/be thought to do… ⑧表示总分结构连接：to be more exact/specitic/precise=more exactly/specifically… ⑨如何简化：
ⅰ用括号：the ramain part is cut into A(…%) and B(…%)
ⅱ非谓语：the rest is cut into two items namely A comprising …% and B constituting…% ⅲ介词：the rest is divided into A with …% and B with…%
§NOTES
①分段标准：有时间变化先按时间分段再主次
②数据模糊化：about、around、nearly、almost、roughly、approximately、a bit over ③数据准确化：precisely、exactly 多于：above、over、slightly more than 少于：below、under、slightly less than ④介词使用的例子：
…from 1960 at 数据 to 1980 at 数据… …from 数据 in 1960 to 数据 in 1980…
⑤表示时间先后（用于在不同时间段内有不同变化趋势的图）
Before、after、A followed by B...(A先发生)
⑥表示倍数：
1、A+谓语部分+倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than+B 2、A+谓语部分+倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as+B
3、…times+more+名词（可数或不可数）+than+被比对象 4、…times+over+被比对象
5、…times+compared with+被比对象
IV表格题 §Nina’s handouts
表格题的特点是数据庞大，并由此决定了解决表格题的关键是：简化和分类表格内数据 分类方法：
数据项目的近似性和相反性（如：非常满意、比较满意和不满意可分为“满意”与“不满意”两类） 变化的趋势特征（如：都增长或者都有波动）
对比项目的关联（如：男人女人在不同项目上意见肯能统一或者不统一）
V流程图 §Nina’s handouts
关于流程图步骤的衔接短语：
首先：In the first stage/step、To begain/start with、First of all 接着：In the following stage、Afterward、From then on、after that 同时：At the same time、meanwhile、simultaneous 最后：In the final stage/At last/Finally/Eventually
解决流程图的关键：
①辨明方向 ②分解步骤
③抓住步骤间的联系
④句子的多样化：定语从句，非谓语，被动语态
⒌ 分题型应用（body部分）
The graph shows the increase in the ageing population in Japan, Sweden and the USA. It indicates that the percentage of elderly people in all threecountries is expected to increase to almost 25% of the respective polulationsby the year 2040.
In 1940 the population of people aged 65 or more stood at only 5% inJapan,7% in Sweden and 9% in the US. However, while the figures forthe Western countries grew to about 15% in around 1990, the figures forJapan dipped to only 2.5% for much of this period, before rising to almost 5%again at the present time.
In spite of some fluctuation in the expected percentages, the proportion ofolder people will probably continue to increase in the next two decades in thethree countries. A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 inJapan, by which time it is thought that the proportion of elderly people will besimilar in the three countries.
Pie chart
⑷The line graph shows the size of global population from 1400 to 2000 and the pie charts shows the global population by region in 1900 and 2000.
Overall, the world population rose sharply from less than 500 million in the 1400s to 6 billion in 2000, a growth of 12 times over 600 years. The increase was more dramatic after 1800 and only in the 1700s was there an obvious decline (1.2 billion to 0.9 billion).
The pie chart show that in both 1900 and 2000, Asia accounted for the largest share (more than half) of the world population, followed by Europe. But both continents saw a decline in their percentage of the world population, the former from 60% to 54% and the latter from 24% to 14%. On the other hand, the percentage of world population in Africa and Latin America grew considerably from 4.5% to 13% and 3% to 8% respectively. However, North America showed no change, remaining constant at 5% of the world population. The percentage in other areas rose from 3.5% to 6%.
⑸The gragh below shows the annual spending of a particular UK university from 1981 to 2001.