The most significant feature is that salary, including salary to teachers and to other non-teaching staff, was the major expenditure for this university throughout the 20-year period. The percentage of total spending on teachers’ salary was between 40% and 55%,while that on other staff’s salary decreased steadily from a third to less than one fifth.
The remaining expenditures were divided between smaller items such as furniture & equipment, insurance and resources. Insurance spending continued to grow, from only 2% of the total spending in 1981 to 3% in 1991 and 8% in 2001. The percentage of total spending on resources such as books also increased slightly from 10% to 12% during the first ten years, but it dropped sharply to 5% in 2001. Spending on furniture and equipment, however, showed the most dramatic change: After being reduced by over 50% in 1991, it more than tripled to make up about a quarter of the total amount a decade later.
Bar chart
⑺The gragh below shows the participation of Australian children in sports outside school hours in 2003.
There were substantial difference in the proportion of boys and girls in different sports. The greatest gender difference was in “netball”, where the participation rate was 20 times higher than in boys (20% VS. only 2%). Football and basketball, however, were dominated by boys. 20% of the boys played football after school, while only 3% of the girls were interested in this sport. Similarly, basketball was an after-school recreation for 17% of boys compared with only 3% of girls.
On the other hand, boys and girls participated almost equally in swimming. Slightly more than 10% of both genders chose swimming as a leisure activity after school.
Interestingly, a very high percentage of both genders (a third of boys and almost half the girls) did not participate in any sports after class.
⑼The bar chart below shows the passenger kilometers traveled by different means of transport in the UK in 1990 and 2000.
In 1990, a total of 100 billion passenger kilometers were travelled by UK residents using the surveyed transportation methods, which went up slightly by about 10 billion to reach 110 billion 10 years later. This rise in passenger kilometer number was recorded in air, bus and rail travel but a slight decline was actually found in bicycle and motorbike travel.
In this survey, buses and trains were the principal modes of public transport during the last decade in the UK, each with between 40 and 50 billion kilometers travelled. By contrast, the annual distance covered by bicycle, motorbike and air travel only represented an insignificant share, with less than 8 billion passenger kilometers for each.
Table
⑾The table below shows data regarding Australia’s nursing employment and total workforce in 1987 and 2001.
Director of nursing Senior nurses Junior nurses Assistant nurses Total nurse employment Total workforce in Australia oyment Number（1987） oyment Number（1987） Change（%） 4，000 20，000 39，000 117，000 180，000 2，728，000 5，200 18，000 28，000 112，000 161，200 3，738，000 30% -20% -28% -4% -10% 37% During these 14 years, Australia’s entire labour force grew from 2,728,000 to 3,378,000, an increase of 37%. Despite this impressive growth in the total workforce, however, there was a 10% decrease from 180,000 to 161,200 in the number of employees in the nursing sector. The vast majority of the nurses were working at the lowest level, i.e. assistant nurses, whose
number remained largely unchanged between 1987 and 2001 (117,000 and 112,000 respectively). However, the number of senior nurses and that of junior nurses decreased dramatically, the former by 20% from 20,000 to 16,000 and the latter by 28% from 39,000 to 28,000.
The significant drop in employment numbers at lower levels were somewhat compensated by a 30% increase in the number working at the highest level (director of nursing) from 4,000 to 5,200.
⑿The diagrams below show the development of the village of Kelsbey between 1780 and 2000.
The three diagrams illustrate what the village of Kelsbey looked like in 1780, 1860 and 2000. In 1780, Kelsbey had only 100 homes, but it had a large expanse of woods in eastern part of the village and four plots of farmland in the middle. In the west there was a river running from north to south.
The year 1860 saw a doubling of the number of homes, but the size of farmland and woods was reduced by half. In the same year, a bridge could be seen over the river and a road was constructed linking the river to the residences.
140 years later, the number of homes more than doubled to 500, but farms and woods completely disappeared. Several school buildings and sports facilities were constructed at the south-eastern corner of the village, which were connected with the residential area in the north by a newly-built road. Some shops opened up along the river bank and a large stretch of wetland for birds was established at the southern end of the river.
Flow Chart
⒁The flow chart shows the three stages of glass bottle recycling.
This diagram illustrates the recycling process of glass bottles. The whole process is a cycle which can be divided into three main stages.
In the first stage, used bottles are collected at a recycling point ready to be transported by a truck. The second stage first takes place in a cleaning plant, where these recycled bottles are sorted by color into green, brown and clear ones, and washed by high-pressurized water. When this cleaning process finishes, the bottles are transported to a glass factory where they are cut into pieces which are then poured into a furnace. After being heated in the furnace, the molten glass mixed with added glass liquid from other sources, flows into a glass mold. After the remolding process a new bottle emerges.
In the final stage, new, empty bottles are filled with liquid, packed and dispatched to the supermarket ready to be picked by consumers. At this point, a cycle has been completed and a new cycle begins again.
雅思小作文写作常用词汇
1. 第一段开头“由图可见”的写法还有如下几种方式： According to the 图表名称… As shown in the 图表名称…
As can be seen from the 图表名称… It is manifest from the 图表名称 that…
2. 主题段第二句开头“具体来说”有几种方式： To be more exact=More exactly To be more precise=More precisely To be more specific=More specifically 3. 上升： Go up (went up) v.
e.g.: Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to 20% Increase (increased) v./n.
by 1991 before decreasing to only 9% by the end of the period. Rise (rose) v./n.
Ascend (ascended) v. The consumption of chicken showed an upward trend, Grow (grew) v. exceeding that of lamb in 1980. An upward/downward trend n. 4. 急剧上升： e.g.: The spending on research and development soared to 2.7 Jump (jumped) v.
million pounds in 1990. Surge (surged) v./n.
Shoot up (shot up) v. Soar (soared) v. 5. 下降： Decline v./n. Dip v.
e.g.: Other workers’ salaries saw a fall from 28% in 1981 to only Fall v./n.
15% of spending in 2001. Decrease v./n.
Drop v./n. The figure for the US dipped to only 4% for much of this Descend v. period, which was the lowest in the figures for these countries. Sink v. 6. 急剧下降： e.g.: The average price of tennis racquets plummeted to 79 pounds in Plummet
1990. Plunge 7. 由…组成：(常用在主体段开头第一句话，来概括组成部分) Be made up of
e.g.: Households that consisted of only one parent or a single adult Be composed of
were less likely to be poor. Consist of
Comprise/be comprised of