Step 1: Understanding relative clause
A subordinate clause which is introduced by a relative pronoun is often referred to as a relative clause. Defining relative clauses When a relative clause has the function of defining or identifying the object being referred to, the clause is not placed between commas. Such a clause can be called a defining or limiting relative clause.( 限定性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面修饰、限定先行词，它与先行词之间没有逗号，去掉后会影响全句意思的完整性。) Step 2: Giving examples of relative clauses The people that were here yesterday will return in a month. The newspaper that was on the steps belongs to our neighbor. The books (that) we bought are heavy.
The town (that) this road leads to is five miles away.
The suitcase which we purchased last week is very strong. The child who runs the fastest will receive a prize. The boy whom we visited is her nephew.
The girl to whom you sold your skis lives in the next block. The woman whose house was sold will retire to the country. The boy (whom) / (that) we saw is her brother.
The hat (which)/ (that) you are wearing is rather large. The boy to whom we sent the message was excited.
The room to which you will be conducted has beautiful furniture. The room that you will be conducted to has beautiful furniture.
Period 4
Function—Giving reasons
Goals
To learn to give reasons Procedures
Step 1: Understanding the difference in use between because, as, since and for
Because is used when the reason is the most important part of the sentence or utterance. The because clause usually comes at the end:
―I went to China last week because I wanted to learn Chinese.‖
As and since are used when the reason is already well known and is therefore usually less important. The as or since clause is usually placed at the beginning of the sentence:
―As the lesson had already started, we went down to the back of the room and occupied some empty seats there.‖
―Since John had already eaten, I made do with a piece of bread.‖
For suggests that the reason is given as an afterthought. It is never placed at the beginning of the sentence and is more characteristic of written, rather than spoken English:
―I decided to stop reading — for it was very late and I wanted to go to sleep.‖ 高考链接 1. He found it increasingly difficult to read, ____ his eyesight was beginning to fail. (2006北京) A. and B. for C. but D. or 2. Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, ____ this was a memory she especially treasured. (2006广东) A. when B. where C. as D. if 3. A man cannot smile like a child, ____ a child smiles with his eyes, while a man smiles with his lips alone. (2006湖南) A. so B. but C. and D. for 答案：1-3 BCD Step 2: Understanding the use of where, why and when —relative clauses and preposition use
Where, referring to a place, why, referring to a reason, and when, referring to a time, can be used instead of a relative pronoun after a noun：
I'd like to know the reason (why) he decided not to come.
February is the month (when) many of my colleagues take skiing holidays.
BUT! She always had wanted to go to a place where she could speak her native tongue. When, where and why are not omitted in non-defining relative clauses：
I come from the universities area, where many successful universities such as Beida and Qinghua are located, and I often go home during the summer.
He likes shopping between one and three, when most people are at home, because of the relative calm.
Step 3: Giving reasons using “the reason why…”and “because…” I didn’t go, because I was afraid.
We must not idle about because it is hot. A mountain is not famous because it is high. I walk to school because I live close to it. Don’t tell me we lost because we are too kind. Don’t hate me because I’m wrong. Chloe died because we all failed her.
You benefit from these offerings just because you belong to our school.
Should this school be shut down because it encourages traditional ways of learning? The phone still exists because it’s a valuable tool. I vote because I care.
The law treats kids differently because kids are different.
He intended not to fast because he was going to travel the next week. It is so because it is so.
Read this page just because it is fun!
I love you because with you in my life I’m never alone.
Can an employer deny a worker a job because it is pretty sure that the job will be a serious danger to him?
The reason why he is ill is that he works too hard.
The reason why I like English is that it makes it possible for me to travel around the world.
I believe that the reason why English is difficult to learn is that it is pronounced differently from Chinese. Resources 1. Students may want to know more clearly about the usage of relative pronouns. A table can be used to explain as below: Relative pronouns used in attributive clauses Antecedent persons things Subject who/that which/that Object Possessive Note A relative pronoun can be omitted when it is used as the object in an attributive clause whom/who/that whose which/that whose/of which 2. To understand attributive clauses better and use them correctly, students should be able to identify which word is the antecedent and know what it functions as in an attributive clause, so they can use a proper relative pronoun to introduce an attributive clause. Here are more examples: The girl who/that is standing next to our teacher is her daughter. The girl (whom/who/that) our teacher is talking with is her daughter. The girl whose mother is from Britain can speak English very well. I can’t find the book which/that is borrowed from the library. I can’t find the book (which/that) you lent to me. Have you read the book whose author/the author of which is a high school student? I used to study in a classroom whose windows/the windows of which were all broken. Sometimes the antecedent can be a pronoun, such as someone/sb., anyone/anybody, everyone/everybody, no one/nobody, sth., anything, everything, nothing, all, those, etc. Step 3: Absorb information concerning National College Entrance Examination 1. Women ____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ___ don’t. (2006北京)
A. who; / B. /; who C. who; who D. /; /
2. The place _______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be________ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. (2005 江苏)
A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which
3. There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. (2006天津) A. that B. which C. until D. if
4. In an hour, we can travel to places ____ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. (2006上海)
A. where B. when C. which D. what
5. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ____ roof is under repair. (2006福建) A. whose B. which C. of which D. that 6. ---Do you have anything to say for yourselves? (2006江西) ---Yes, there’s one point ____ we must insist on.
A. why B. where C. how D. /
7. We’re just trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. (2006山东) A. where B. that C. when D. which 8. We are living in an age ___ many things are done on computer.
A. which B. that C. whose D. when
9. Frank's dream was to have his own shop ____ to produce the workings of his own hands. (2005湖南)
A. that B. in which C. by which D. how
10. Do you still remember the chicken farm ___ we visited three months ago? (2005北京春) A. where B. when C. that D. what Keys: 1-5CCACA 6-10 DADBC Period 5
Speaking—Discussing the importance of invention
■Goals ● ●
To discuss the importance of invention To talk about philosophers of ancient China ■Procedures
Step 1: Listing top ten inventions of the world
Here are the most popular inventions researched by our readers. 1) The Telephone
In 1875, Alexander Graham Bell built the first telephone that transmitted electrically the human voice.
2) The History of Computers
In 1936 Konrad Zuse built the first freely programmable computer. 3) Television
In 1884, Paul Nipkow sent images over wires using a rotating metal disk technology with 18 lines of resolution.
4) The Automobile
In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was invented by French mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot. 5) The Cotton Gin
Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin on March 14, 1794. 6) The Camera
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre is considered the inventor of the first practical process of photography in 1837. 7) The Steam Engine
James Watt improved Newcomen’s design and invented what is considered the first modern steam engine in 1765.
8) The Sewing Machine
The first functional sewing machine was invented by the French tailor, Barthelemy Thimonnier, in 1830.
9) The Light Bulb
In 1879, Thomas Alva Edison invented a carbon filament that burned for forty hours. 10) Penicillin
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
Inventions of the Millennium, a Top Ten List 10 The Telescope. (1608); 9 The Microscope. (1590’s or early 1600’s); 8 The PET scan. (Improved over many years from 1938-1975); 7 The Laser (1960); 6 The Computer. (1822); 5 The Transistors (Bell Labs, 1947); 4 The World Wide Web (Berners-Lee 1991); 3 The Steam Engine (Savery, 1698; Newcomen, 1712; Watt, 1765); 2 The mechanical clock (13th Century); 1 The Gregorian Calendar (1582) Transportation Inventions---- The Locomotive (1804); The Car (1885); The Airplane (1903); Radar (1935) Communication Inventions--- Radio (1896); Motion pictures (1891); Movable Type Printing (1450); TV (1923) Medicine---- Vaccination (1796); Anesthetics (1844, 1846); Syringe (1646); Stethoscope (1816) Farming, Food and Daily Life--- Cotton Gin (1793); Electric Light (1878); Telephone (1876); Fax Machine (1902, 1913); Air Conditioning (1902); Electric Hair Dryer (1902) Step 2: Discussing the importance of each of the invention
I think penicillin is more useful than the light bulb because penicillin saves lives.
I think the light bulb is more useful than the Sewing Machine because the light bulb gives light to the world.
I think the Sewing Machine is more useful than the Steam Engine because the Sewing Machine makes clothing which dresses man.
I think the Steam Engine is more useful than the Camera because the Steam Engine makes the ships go around the world.
I think the Camera is more useful than the Cotton Gin because the Camera takes pictures of all that are in the world.
I think the Cotton Gin is more useful than the Automobile because the Cotton Gin makes cloth out of cotton.
I think the automobile is more useful than television because the automobile takes people and things to all the places they are expected to go.
I think television is more useful than computers because television brings what is happening in the world to you at home.
I think computer is more useful than the telephone because computer makes it possible for man to do almost anything he wants to do.
Step 3: Talking about philosophers of ancient China A: I am Confucius. I was born in 551 BC and died in 479 BC. B: I am Mencius. I was born in 372 BC. C: And I am Mozi, another teacher who is said to be influential, too. I was born in 476 BC. A: People say that my philosopher has exercised the greatest influence towards Chinese civilization. B: I am a thinker, and my teachings are very similar to that of Confucius. C: I founded the philosophy called Mohism. In some ways, my beliefs were similar to those of Confucius. A: I think the importance of kindness, duty and order in society can never be stressed enough. B: I believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.