C: My idea of love is different from the Confucian idea of kindness. I teach that we should love all human beings and look after those who are weaker than ourselves. A: People say that Chinese society has been influenced by my ideas for more than 2,000 years. B: I believed that people were more important than rulers, and hated the state when it treated people badly. C: I believed that all men were equal. I hated the idea of war. I died in 390 BC. Period 6
Writing—The advantages and disadvantages of
television
■Goals
●To read the essay The Advantages and Disadvantages of Cars ●To write an essay The advantages and disadvantages of television ■Procedures
Step 1: Reading the essay The Advantages and Disadvantages of Cars
You are to read the short essay The Advantages and Disadvantages of Cars, and find out its organization. …were first used at… Today… …have great advantages… But…have great disadvantages… In conclusion, I think… Step 2: Writing an essay Sample essay 1:
The advantages and disadvantages of television In 1930, Charles Jenkins broadcasts the first TV commercial. In the same year, the BBC begins regular TV transmissions. In 1933 Iowa State University starts broadcasting twice weekly television programs in cooperation with radio station WSUI. Televisions have three great advantages: 1. Most people watch television. 2. ―A picture is worth a thousand words.‖ 3. Events can be shown as they really happen. But televisions have great disadvantages. It cost lots of money to buy the TV set, and also lots of money to pay for the watching. Watching TV takes much time. Many students spend so much time watching TV that their schooling is affected. In conclusion, I think that televisions are useful because keeping pace with the world happening is so easy with a television set. But the time spent on watching TV is too much to cause troubles to our studies and communication among family members. Sample essay 2: Advantages and disadvantages of watching TV
Television is very popular nowadays. It is the most common source of getting information from the world. Nearly every human have access to a TV. There are a lot of both advantages and disadvantages of watching TV. Beginning from the first one, we know what is going on all over the world. We know the weather forecast. We can see important events ―live‖, especially sports events, for example: football matches, ski jumps, tennis matches etc. TV also presents lots of scientific programs and nature movies as well. Thus people can increase their knowledge about the surrounding us world. Educational programs are also watched by a lot of people, because they teach us how to do different useful things. And that is all for advantages of watching TV. For me a TV-set it is useless thing and definitely it should be subsided with a computer. It is also a device that wastes our time. Lots of young women watch soap operas which is really pointless. On TV there are also other movies, which present violence and should not be watched by children and some of them even by adults. TV is also harmful for our eyesight and I think that is the main reason that people should reduce watching TV. All examples have given above are important, but the most important is our health and everybody should agree with this opinion. Sample essay 3:
Television— advantages and disadvantages In our days many people speak about television: some said it's doing a lot of harm; other said that nobody makes you watch TV. But television is a great amount of information and has got its advantages and disadvantages. I think we must watch TV to be well informed. It gives wonderful possibilities for education. Besides, there is a considerable variety of programs. We can choose what we want to see. Television brings the world to our living room. We see people in our country and in other lands, and learn of their customs, occupations, opinions and problems. We become better informed by watching documentaries, science programs, discussions and by learning about the most important economic, social and political issues of the day. We see great events, which will pass into history. We can see famous people. We become more cultured people by learning more of the arts. So television has many advantages, but there are bad sides too. Some pupils do their homework in front of the television screen. Others rush their homework so they can watch television. In either case, the quality of the work is affected. Some pupils are so attracted by television that they do not do their homework at all. Some children have made watching TV their main leisure activity and they are not enriching their personalities by developing hobbies and belonging to clubs. Television may lead to poor health, through rushed meals, lack of sleep, lack of exercise and eyestrain. Many children no longer read books. This will seriously affect their performance in higher forms, for reading is the key to all higher study, and needs constant practice. As for me, television enriches our intellect, gives us opportunities to see the best actors and performances, to hear the latest news, to listen to political discussions. And in my opinion TV is a great force in the world. Sample essay 4:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Watching TV From my point of view, television is a great source of various news and knowledge showing aspects of our lives. I think we can divide watching TV to situations when it is useful and helpful for us and unfortunately harmful. I will start from good points. I can only say that I usually get useful information from this kind of mass media. Some programs really deserve our attention. The good point of TV is its constant expansion of possibilities of showing programs. Within a space of year digital TV has appeared. It brought more interactive functions, so we are capable of interfering in action (for instance, maybe in a future we will be able to move a camera in the movie), doesn’t it sound good? Now you do not have to be a passive viewer – at last. Of course, only in a specific dimension, now. It is clear that we have to pay for these extra options, but it should not be a hindrance. We ought not to forget that TV has an extraordinary level. For example: If you dream of journey around the world to see many countries with a lot of attractions, I suggest taking your remote control and press an appropriate button. After this you move into exotic beauty. You can watch animals and the greatest monuments; let’s see…National Geographic Channel? It will take you wherever you want to go. But if you have enough money, throw away your TV-SET, and take a plane to visit these places. I do not want to write it (As far as I am concerned TV is my ally), but I have to speak about bad points of TV. It is really necessary, even though a few people worry about it. So what do we have here? To begin with, we should mention problems caused by unsuitable programs especially for children (also X-rated, huh, huh). I think that parents have to supervise children’s TV watching, because when they grow up, they are incredibly susceptible to everything which surrounds them. As a result of that, they can get into addiction (by the way, do you remember Robert Palmer’s song ―You are addicted to Love‖? I am sure it is a good addiction. Instead of having eyes glued to the TV screen, they should play in the open air. In conclusion, I would like to add, that nowadays TV is indispensable. I foresee that by the year 2010 there will be a new kind of TV which can be used to watch programs and to communicate with people. Working from home: advantages and disadvantages Working from home can have many advantages. You may find it helps you to: ● save on start up costs, as you do not need premises ● save time that would be spent on looking for suitable property ● avoid becoming tied into long tenancy agreements ● arrange work around family commitments ● get help from family, e.g. they may help you with filing or general administration tasks ● save on time and money spent traveling to work ● avoid noise and distractions of the workplace However, there are disadvantages too. You may find you have trouble with: ● separating home and work life ● the initial expense of setting up ● domestic distractions and interruptions ● isolation/loneliness Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Work Disadvantages Active Participation--you must interact with members; Decreased Individual Accountability--decisions based upon group consensus; Continuous Communication--to prevent domineering or ―free ride‖ members Advantages Self-esteem; Social Skills; Appreciation of Subject Matter; Multi-ethnic Relationships; Higher Order Thinking Skills; Information Processing; Student Satisfaction with the Course; Student Retention; Student Achievement
The Analysis of the Difficult Sentences from
1. He became a student of Confucius’ ideas … 他成为研究孔子思想的学生。
―a student of‖和 ―Confucius’ ideas‖是逻辑上的动宾关系。 所以翻译成：他成为研究孔子思想的学生。
2. He then became an adviser to another ruler. 他然后成为另外的一个统治者的顾问。 ―to another ruler‖ 是前面adviser的后置定语。类似的还有：the key to the door
3. However, when he saw that the ruler was not following his advice, he resigned. 然而，当他看到统治者没有听从他的忠告时，他辞职了。
句中的短语follow his advice以及后文中出现的…find a state where people would follow his teachings…,其中的follow是“听从、遵循”的意思。 Why didn’t you follow my advice?
Christians try to follow Christ’s teaching/teachings.
The villagers still follow the customs of their grandfathers.
Follow the instructions on the packet when you take the drug. 吃药时请按照包装上的说明去服用。
We should follow the example of Comrade Lei Feng. 我们应该以雷锋同志为榜样。 follow the rules 遵守规则 follow one’s instincts 顺著一个人的直觉 另外，―advice‖的意思是“劝告、忠告、意见”。
Acting on her advice (遵照他的意见), I decided to give up smoking. Let me give you a piece of advice.
If you take my advice, you won’t tell anyone about this.
I’ve been working on holding back the urge to tell people the answers when they ask for advice. 别人向我征求意见时，我常常控制着自己不把答案直接告诉别人。
Ask for advice and feedback and attempt to keep things moving forward. 随时征求建议与回馈，推动讨论的内容。
4. For many years he traveled from state to state, teaching the principles of Confucius.他周游列国很多年，宣讲孔子的法则。
teaching the principles of Confucius现在分词短语作伴随状语，在Module 3 中已经出现。 5. He spent his last years preparing a book of his teachings called The Book of Mencius.去年他花了一年的时间准备一本名为《孟子之书》的教义。
1) spend…doing sth. 文中的句子―…he spent many years trying to find a state…‖也是这个句型。
He’s spent half his life writing this book.
I spent a lot of time cleaning that room. I’ve spent years building up my collection.
I spent an hour at the station waiting for the train.
We have spent a lot of time talking to our team in Baghdad about the way forward in Iraq. The time parents spend talking to their children seems not enough.
2) “called The Book of Mencius‖ 过去分词短语作定语。文中Mozi founded the philosophy
called Mohism也是同样的结构。
6. In some ways, his beliefs were similar to those of Confucius. 在某些方面，他的信念与孔子的类似。
His idea of love was different from the Confucian idea of kindness.他的爱的观点不同于孔子的仁的观点。
1）―be similar to‖和??相同； ―be different from‖ 和??不同 We have similar opinions; my opinions are similar to hers. This is a different car from the one I drove yesterday.
These results are similar to those found in Mexican-American populations. Some of the artwork on our website was similar to theirs.
In telling how the Japanese image is different from and similar to theirs, the children come to own what they see.
If you are from Asia, you’ll find American culture is so different from that of your own country. I found out one special thing that American culture is different from that of my home country. The situation is different from the First Nuclear Crisis. US culture is mostly different from that in China. 2）those可用于代替前面提到的同名异物中特指的事物，只能指代复数名词，相当于the ones。如：
In China students learn English at school as a foreign language，except for those in Hong Kong，where many people speak English as a first or a second language. (those代替复数名词students)
The computers in your office are more expensive than those / the ones in our school. (those代替复数名词computers) 3）that代替前面提到的同名异物中特指的事物，所代替的名词可以是可数名词, 也可以是不可数名词，但其前通常不能有修饰语。如：
The doctor in our school is younger than that in their school. (that代替可数名词doctor) The weather of this week is worse than that of last week. (that代替不可数名词weather)
The quality of iron produced in your factory is better than that in their factory. (that代替不可数名词quality)
高考链接 1. Few pleasures can equal _____ of a cool drink on a hot day. (99NMET) A. some B. any C. that D. those 2. The director gave me a better offer than _____.(99上海) A. that of Dick’s B. Dick’s C. he gave Dick D. those of Dick 3. Equipped with modern facilities, today’s libraries differ greatly from _____.(2003上海春) A. those of the past B. the past C. which of the past D. these past 答案：1-3 CCA 注：句1中pleasure作可数名词，意为使人愉快的事；pleasure作不可数名词，意为快乐、愉快。the pleasure of a cool drink为喝上一杯冷饮的这一种快乐的事情,所以用that。 句2考的是平行原则。该句的主语是director，所以，在比较级中，主句主语应与从句中的主语---人做比较。 7. Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.孟子认为人之所以不同于动物的原因在于人是善良的。
名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。 The reason why I was sad was that he didn’t understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。 The reason why he was late was that he had taken a wrong bus.
The reason why she didn’t get the job was that her English was not very good. The reason I didn’t tell you was that I wanted it to be a surprise. The reason he is late is that he met an accident.
8. Born in 476 BC, he came from a family which was very poor. 公元前476年，他出生在一个很贫穷的家庭。
此句中，过去分词Born in 476 BC作时间状语。 过去分词(短语)做状语时，一般与句子的主语构成被动关系。过去分词做状语可以表示伴随情况(即主句的谓语动作与状语同时发生)、表示原因、表示条件、也可以表示时间。 Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。 Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound. 因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。
Born in this beautiful town, he hates to leave it. 出生于这个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。 Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时，我也能解这道题。 Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市，城市显得更漂亮。
Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。 高考链接 1. Faced with a bill for $10，000，___________.(2006陕西) A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given john an extra job C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John 2. _________with so much trouble，we failed to complete the task on time. (2006四川) A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face 3. ______for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (2006福建) A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed 4. ___into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. (2005上海) A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put 5. ____in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. (2005湖南) A. Dressed B. To dress D. Dressing D. Having dressed 答案：1-5 AABAA