四川理工学院毕业设计(论文)
高层建筑火灾疏散与紧急避难设计
学 生：刘 佳 学 号：12031040112 专 业：安全工程 班 级：2012级1班 指导老师：罗智文
四川理工学院化学与环境工程学院
二〇一六 年 六 月
四川理工学院毕业设计（论文） 中文摘要
高层建筑火灾疏散与紧急避难设计
摘要
高层住宅建筑占到我国高层建筑的一半以上，由于其垂直高度高，发生火灾时火势蔓延快、扑救难度大，往往会造成比较严重的人员伤亡。一方面，近年来高层住宅建筑发展过快，我国针对高层住宅建筑的消防设计与安全管理还不太完善；另一方面，通过对国内外人员安全疏散的现状研究发现对人员密集的公共场所的研究多，而对高层住宅人员安全疏散的研究比较少。而人面临火灾时，在不同的环境下也会有不同的表现；另外，火灾时人员疏散方式的有效性直接影响着人员疏散的效率。
如何在安全疏散允许的时间内，能够让人员和财产快速地疏散转移，避免火灾产生的高温和烟气的危害，这就是高层建筑火灾安全疏散设计的根本目的。在高层建筑发生火灾后，建筑物内疏散人员如何在最短的时间，安全有效地疏散到安全地带，是人员疏散成功的重要步骤。这时如何避免在火灾中受害的避难设计显得尤为重要。
关键词：高层建筑 火灾伤害 人员疏散 行为 决策
I
四川理工学院毕业设计（论文） 英文摘要
High-Rise Building Fire Evacuation and
Emergency Evacuation Design
Abstract
The number of high-rise building is more than 50% of all high-rise buildings in China. Because high-rise building has high uprightness altitude, once it is on fire, the fire smoke will be spread rapidly and hardly to put it off. Even worse, it may cause serious casualty. On one side, the fire design and safety management of high-rise building can not satisfy occupant's safety requirement. On the other side, the fire evacuation research of pubic places is very popular, but it is lack of studying at fire evacuation of high-rise building. People will have different action in different surroundings when they are in fire
Therefore, how to let personnel and their property quickly evacuated in a short time and avoid the harm from high temperature and flue gas generated by the fire. That's the final pupose of design to make a safety evacuation when the high-rise building was fired. Once it happened, a vital step is evacuating to a safe area from the building in the shortest time safe and effective, At this time, a shelter design of how to escape from the fire is particularly important.
Key words: high-rise building, fire damage, evacuation, behavior, decision
II
四川理工学院毕业设计（论文） 目录
目录
中文摘要 ...................................................................................................................... I 英文摘要 .................................................................................................................... II 1 绪论 ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 引言 .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2背景及意义 ......................................................................................................... 1 1.3 国内外研究现状 ................................................................................................. 2
1.3.1安全疏散理论研究进程 ............................................................................. 2 1.3.2 国内研究现状 .......................................................................................... 2 1.3.3 国外研究现状 .......................................................................................... 2 1.4 高层建筑火灾的主要危险性因素 ........................................................................ 3
1.4.1 高层建筑火灾特点 ................................................................................... 3 1.4.2高层建筑火灾的致害因素 ......................................................................... 4 1.4.3人流密度对安全疏散的影响 ...................................................................... 6 1.5灭火救援的难度 .................................................................................................. 6 1.6 电梯疏散 ........................................................................................................... 7
1.6.1 电梯疏散特点 .......................................................................................... 7 1.6.2电梯疏散的隐患 ....................................................................................... 8
2高层建筑概况 ........................................................................................................ 9
2.1高层建筑平面布置图 ........................................................................................... 9 2.2建筑物的符合性 ................................................................................................ 10 2.3高层建筑周边环境 ............................................................................................ 10
3 火灾疏散与避难设计 ....................................................................................... 12
3.1安全疏散基本要求 ............................................................................................ 12
3.1.1安全疏散设计的基本原则 ....................................................................... 12 3.1.2传统疏散存在的问题 .............................................................................. 12 3.2 安全疏散时间 .................................................................................................. 13
3.2.1室内火灾的发展进程 .............................................................................. 13 3.2.2 实际安全疏散时间 ................................................................................. 15 3.2.3 安全疏散时间计算 ................................................................................. 17 3.2.4 安全疏散距离 ........................................................................................ 21 3.3 建筑物内部影响疏散的因素 ............................................................................. 21
III
四川理工学院毕业设计（论文） 目录
3.3.1建筑内需要疏散人数 .............................................................................. 21 3.3.2建筑实例建筑节点 .................................................................................. 22 3.3.3高层建筑疏散通道选择 ........................................................................... 22 3.4 人流速度的影响因素 ........................................................................................ 23
3.4.1单向人流速度 ......................................................................................... 23 3.4.2迈步频率与前向距离的关系 .................................................................... 24 3.4.3步幅与前向距离的关系 ........................................................................... 24 3.5 考虑火灾产物对疏散的影响 ............................................................................. 24
3.5.1 火灾产物对疏散速度的影响 ................................................................... 25 3.5.2 火灾产物对人员身体的影响 ................................................................... 25 3.6避难时间 .......................................................................................................... 28
4 数据计算 .............................................................................................................. 29
4.1传统疏散方式的时间计算 .................................................................................. 29 4.2烟气的影响 ....................................................................................................... 32 4.3避难时间计算 ................................................................................................... 32
5 结论 ....................................................................................................................... 34 参考文献 ................................................................................................................... 35 致谢 ............................................................................................................................ 37 附录1高层建筑平面布置图 ............................................................................. 38 附录2高层建筑剖面图 ....................................................................................... 38
IV