1. 伤人感情，使人难堪，激起愤怒，惹人生气，使遭受痛苦，使蒙受损失，造成损失 2. 使流血,抽血 11.v.+n.
Call a spade a spade 直言不讳，有啥说啥
give the Devil his due（应得物）
即使对坏人也要公平对待，平心而论 12. v.+n.+n.
Get a snap（啪嗒声） in the face 挨了一个耳光
have a sting in the tail 结局可能会不尽人意。
The new plan has a sting in its tail: we have to lose one day's holiday. 新计划有一个没有料到的坏处: 我们要因此损失一天的假期. 13.v.+n.+prep.
to fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼
cut one's coat according to one's cloth 1. 量布裁衣；量入为出；不存奢望
2. 量布裁衣，量入为出，根据具体条件行事 14. Longer ones idioms
have an axe to grind
动机不纯； 有个人打算
hit the nail on the head 语言中肯； 正中要害
The mayor?s talk on race relations hit the nail on the head. wash one?s dirty linen [?l?n?n] （亚麻布）in public 暴露家丑
Do not wash dirty linen in public. 家丑不可外扬。
Many families have a skeleton in the closet. 许多家庭都有不可外扬的家丑。 proverbs
Proverbs are a special kind of English idioms. They are rich in content and succinct [s?k?s??kt]（简洁的） (simple) in wording. Hundreds of English proverbs have great vitality in all social classes. They express in a few words a fact or a truth which deals with everyday experience. Therefore, it is necessary for Chinese students to learn English proverbs. The pot calls the kettle black.
责人严而律己宽；乌鸦笑猪黑. The mills of God grind slowly. 天网恢恢, 疏而不漏
He laughs best who laughs last. Like attracts like. 物以类聚
Enough is as good as a feast. 知足常乐
Speech is silver, silence is gold. 雄辩是银,沉默是金.
Soft fire makes sweet malt（麦芽（酒））. 好事多磨,慢工出细活
Never offer to teach fish to swim. 不要班门弄斧.
The leopard cannot change its spots. 江山易改,本性难移
A small leak will sink a great ship. 千里之堤, 溃于蚁穴
The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 实践方知真情 Structure
According to the structure, English proverbs have the following groups. A. the elliptical sentences: First come, first served. More haste, less speed. No pains, no gains.
Out of sight, out of mind. Better late than never. Easy come, easy go. Easier said than done. B. the simple sentence Practice makes perfect.
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. The early bird catches (or get) the worm. Every dog has his day. C. the imperative sentence Love me, love my dog. Live and learn. 活到老，学到老。
Don?t trouble troubles until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦
Give a dog a bad (or an ill) name and hang him. 流言可畏
Let sleeping dogs lie.
别惹是生非
D. the compound sentence:
You may lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him drink. It never rains but it pours.
You scratch my back and I?ll scratch yours. 你称我心，我合你意 E. the complex sentence
Where there?s a will, there is a way. All that glitters is not gold.
If a thing is worth doing it is worth doing well. 如果事情值得做，就做好。
Don?t put all your eggs in one basket.(=don?t invest all your efforts in just one thing.) Never judge a book by its cover.(=don?t judge a person by their outward appearance.)
Never look a gift horse in the mouth.(=never refuse good fortune when it is there in front of you; don?t be choosy)
Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves. (=Take care of small sums of money and they will become large sums.) 特点 1. 形象
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
牛奶打翻了，哭也没用＿覆水难收，后悔无益 Fish begins to stink at the head.
鱼从头部开始腐烂＿＿上梁不正下粱歪． Misers put their back and belly into their pocket
.守财奴把背脊和肚皮（比喻衣服和食物）放进口袋里＿守财奴宁肯挨冻受饿也不肯舍得花钱．
２．简炼概括 Habit cures habit.
只有养成新的习惯，才能纠正旧的习惯． Better late than never.
迟到比一直不来好，晚开始比不做好． New lords, new laws. 一朝天子一朝令．
Nothing venture, nothing gain. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子． 3. 运用修辞
１）metaphor 比喻
Spare time is the gold dust of life.
（把点滴的业余时间比喻成金矿砂）
Books are ships that pass through the vast sea of time. （把书籍比喻成航船，把时光比喻成汪洋） ２）Personification 拟人 Time and tide wait for no man. Hunger breaks stone wall.
饥饿能破石头墙
Every horse thinks his sack heaviest.各人都觉得自己的担子最重． ３）antithesis 对偶 Out of sight, out of mind..
The life of the wolf is the death of lamb. 豺狼活，则羊羔死．
Hope is a good breakfast, but a bad supper.
开始时有希望是好事，结束时再希望就不好了． ４）rhyme押韵 No pains, no gains.
Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. Birds of a feather flock together. A friend in need is a friend in deed. 明喻成语
As busy as a bee
As happy as a clam(蛤呖) As high as a kite As blind as a bat As cheerful as a lark As cunning as a fox As clean as a whistle 光滑, 洁净
As greedy as a dog
As strong as a horse
As dead as mutton 肯定死了 As healthy as a horse As hungry as a horse As nervous as a kitten As playful as a kitten As tame as a cat As black as coal
As black as jet 墨黑 As black as pitch As black as ink
As black as midnight As black as a bat As bold as a lion As bright as a silver As bright as a day As clear as day As clear as crystal As cold as ice As cold as a stone
As like as two beans As like as two peas
As poor as a church mouse As proud as a peacock As quick as lightning As red as blood As red as a rose
成对词（binominals)
Words in pair (binominals, twin words)
Binominals are expressions (often idiomatic) where two words are joined by a conjunction (usually ?and?). The order of the words are usually fixed. Surface structure of binominals: 1. nouns:
By leaps and bounds （飞跃地）
Waifs [?we?fs] （流浪儿）and strays （无家可归的儿童，零碎东西） Vice and crime （罪恶）
Ways and means
（克服苦难的办法） Sum and substance （要点） 2.verbs
Crash and burn 彻底失败 Toss and turn 翻来覆去
Pick and choose 挑挑拣拣 Wine and dine 款待吃喝 Paul and haul 拖来拖去 Pick and steal 小偷小摸
Divide and rule 分而治之
Forgive and forget 不念旧恶 3.adjective Null and void 无效的
Black and blue