Literature Review
Introduction
The thesis of this paper is mainly discuss the dynamic of linguistic taboo in intercultural communication and use some theories to support this topic such as politeness in the intercultural communication, dynamic analysis of linguistic taboo and so on. In chapter one is a general introduction of linguistic taboo. In chapter two, on the basis of a statement of the definition, sources, features and functions of linguistic taboo, suggestions putting the study in specific contexts. In chapter three, puts linguistic taboo in intercultural communication. In intercultural communication, because linguistic taboo and politeness are culture-specific，linguistic and cultural transfers concerning linguistic taboo may lead to pragmatic failure at various levels，which reduces the effectiveness of the communication. Based on the statement that communication and context are constrained by culturally set rules, especially rules concerning politeness，points out that, due to cultural differences，habits and ethnocentrism，participants from different cultures tend to abide by different politeness principles in intercultural communication．The change of linguistic taboo as human society evolves according to the relationship between language use and social development, and the relationship of linguistic and social rules. In chapter four, puts forward some suggestions for FLT and intercultural communication based on the previous three chapters. In chapter five, it’s the conclusion which summarizes the thesis, and at the same time, indicates the significance of the study.
As we know that with the development of economic people from the different countries communicate more frequently than before so it can’t be avoided conflicts and other unknown serious consequences in the intercultural communication because
of lack of knowledge in this part of knowledge or improper use of them. So in communication people from the same culture usually avoid using linguistic taboos spontaneously in order not to offend others. In addition, from the aspect of history, linguistic taboo, as part of language，changes with the development of human society to satisfy human being’s need for communication. Especially with the advancement of science and technology, many puzzles in the world are solved, and with the increase of material wealth, human demands for spiritual civilization are also becoming higher．As a result among the various factors creating linguistic taboos，politeness is becoming more and more prominent especially in intercultural communication. Violation of linguistic taboo is usually considered as violation of politeness principles.
After reading numerous materials about Linguistic taboo I know that Linguistic taboo is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a social phenomenon. Language and its use are deeply rooted in the particular social and cultural milieu. It is impossible to understand language comprehensively without considering the context of culture and the context of communication in which language is used. The word taboo was originally used by the speakers of Tongan, living in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean to refer to persons，things and activities(including speech)that were sacred, forbidden or should be paid much attention to．Violation of taboo may result in various kinds of punishment, including death．This phenomenon is not unique in Tonga, but exists widely in almost every culture throughout the world，ranging from personal to social life．It is also manifested in language：persons，things and activities that are tabooed should not be talked about or should be mentioned in a roundabout way in language．Words and expressions related to these social taboos are linguistic taboos．
The purposes for collecting those bibliographies are as follow: Firstly you can completely understand the topic which you are going to write only after you have been read lots of materials. So I know the concept of linguistic taboo, the features of linguistic taboo: universality, nationality, changeability. The functions of linguistic
taboo. Secondly collecting those bibliographies will help me know other scholars’ previous studies at which respect on intercultural communication and absorb some useful ideas. Thirdly people have done various studies on taboo, they promoted their different ideas, such as the source of taboo, the reasons which caused taboo’s appearance, some rules must be obeyed in intercultural communication and so on. Under the basis of these studies, this research has feasibility in the respect of the research theory in documents. Write thesis must reference numerous theses; they can contribute to find new breakthrough points and write an excellent thesis.
I will divide all the literatures and materials into four categories. First is the previous studies of Linguistic taboo The early contributions to taboo research are relevant to anthropology, sociology，ethnography of communication and
psychology．Among the most important researchers on the topic is Sir James G Frazer in his The Golden Bough Sigmund Freud in his Totem and Taboo Franz Baermann Steiner in his Taboo, Truth and Religion Of all these scholars，Freud provides perhaps the most ingenious explanation for the apparently irrational nature of taboo，postulating that they are generated by emotional ambivalence and in effect represent
forbidden actions for which there nevertheless exists a strong unconscious inclination. Second the related materials on Linguistic taboo’s is With the emergence and development of sociolinguistics，a subject studying the relationship between language and society, in the United States since the 1960s，the importance of linguistic taboo has been observed by many sociolinguists and a number of researches into linguistic taboo in varying degrees have been conducted．Discussions on this topic call be found in such influential works as R．A．Hudson’s Sociolinguistics Ronald Wardhaugh’s An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. In these books，linguistic taboo is often discussed together with society, culture or euphemism.
Third interest in the phenomenon began to grow around the 1970s, when the first
journal in the field, The International Journal of Verbal Aggression emerged in Santa Rosa, California of the United States in 1977．Evidence for this is provided in the
number of articles in this and other journals，Ph．D．and M．A．thesis and monographs that have appeared on the subject during the 1980s and the 1990s．For example，in 1989，Hugh Rawson, the compiler of A Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Doubletalk, published another book Wicked Words：A Treasury of Curses, Insults, Put-Downs, and other Formerly Unprintable Terms from Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present．It is a documented dictionary and history of wicked words．In 1997，another reference book entitled Don’t Do It：A Dictionary of the Forbidden by Philip Thody was published in Britain．It provides a historical account of how taboos in English have operated down the ages, indifferent societies and realms of life.
Fourth, in China studies in linguistic taboo may be later and fewer than those in the West．Chen Yuan’s Sociolinguistics(1982)，a pioneer monograph of its kind，may be the earliest literature that provides a comprehensive analysis of linguistic taboo；Chen Jianmin’s New Explorations on Language, Cultural, and Society(1986)devotes several pages to the discussion of linguistic taboo from the perspective of the relationship between language and society；Qu Yanbin’s Chinese Folk
linguistics(1992)discusses taboo in Chinese from the point of view of folklore．In addition, some articles concerning linguistic taboo have gradually appeared in some language journals since the i980s．Recent years many scholars in China have been do a lot of research on linguistic taboo in intercultural communication, dynamic of linguistic taboo, in the foreign language teaching and so on.
Conclusion
Many scholars on the research of Linguistic taboo mainly talked about its social psychology and social function. Contrastive analysis of verbal taboos in English and Chinese is，relatively speaking, often focused on the similarity rather than on the divergence. The early contributions to the study of linguistic taboo are relevant to anthropology, ethnography and sociolinguistics. The aim of my research is to find something new in the Linguistic taboo because it develops all the same, it’s dynamic not still. This thesis intends to study linguistic taboo in Intercultural communication dynamically from the perspective of politeness using the theory of context to contribute to reducing miscommunications and conflicts in intercultural
communication. Analyzing the relation between cross—cultural communication and foreign language teaching and then puts forward the ways and methods by which intercultural communication teaching can combine with foreign 1anguage teaching．
The breakthrough point of my thesis is puts linguistic taboo in intercultural communication. In intercultural communications it is very easy to cause linguistic and cultural transfers when the language user chooses and uses language．The linguistic and cultural negative transfers concerning linguistic taboo may lead to pragmatic failure at various levels，among which is improper use of English taboos
Dynamic analysis of linguistic taboo, Linguistic taboo is not only a kind of linguistic phenomenon but also a kind of social phenomenon. Sapir said, “Language is a guide to social reality” and，conversely, social reality can influence language and its use．According to Marxism, motion is absolute and human society develops from low to high level．The static study of linguistic taboo cannot reveal the whole picture of language．It is necessary to have a review of the history of linguistic taboo as human society develops from primitiveness to civilization if we want to study linguistic taboo