生物工程专业英语（Bioengineering English）
某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推动。纤毛和鞭毛具有同样的内部结构：九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。纤毛或鞭毛从细胞表面的基体出生长，双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。
Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via
cytoplasmic streaming. The process occurs as myosin ?mai?usin肌凝蛋白 proteins attached to organelles 细胞器,小器官 push against microfilaments arrayed [??rei] 展示throughout the cell. Microfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements. During cell division, microtubules of the spindle assembled 集合, 收集 from tubutin subunits near organelles called centrioles move the chromosomes.
大部分植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。这个过程是由于依附在细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的。绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成。在细胞分裂期间，中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微管移向染色体。 课后作业：第一第二篇阅读材料 答案：1B,2C,3B,4B,5D,6c; 1A,2B,3D,4A
Glossary
cytoplasm （细）胞质
The living contents of a cell bounded externally by the plasmalemma, including an aqueous ground substance (hyaloplasm, cell sap, or cell matrix) containing organelles and various inclusions but excluding the nucleus and visible vacuoles.
cytoskeleton 细胞骨架
Of eukaryotic cells, an internal \ Its microtubules and other components structurally support the cell, organize and
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move its inteftial components. The
cytoskeleton also helps free-living cells move through their environment.
nucleus 细胞核，核(复数 nuclei)
The organelle of the eukaryote cell that contains the chromosomes and hence ultimately controls cellular activity and inheritance through the activity of the genetic material, DNA chromosome 染色体
生物工程专业英语（Bioengineering English）
A DNA-histone thread residing in the nucleus of a cell. Each chromosome possesses two telomeres and a centromere, and some contain a nucleolus organizer. RNA proteins are invariably associated with the chromosome.
nucleoid 拟核，类核，核质体 The DNA-containing area of a prokaryote cell, analogous to the eukaryote nucleus but not membrane bounded.
nucleoli 核仁( 单数nucleolus)
Nuclear structures composed of completed or partially completed ribosomes and the specific parts of chromosomes that contain the infon-nation for their construction. nuclear envelope 核膜，核被膜 A double membrane (two lipid bilayers and associated proteins) that is the outermost portion of a cell nucleus. ribosome 核糖体
Small structures composed of two protein and ribonucleic acid subunits involved in the assembly of proteins from amino acids. polysome 多核糖体
Of protein synthesis, several ribosomes all translating the same messenger RNA molecule,one after the other.
endoplasmic reticulum 内质网 Folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that provide a large surface upon which chemical activities take place. Golgi complex 高尔基复合体 A stack of flattened, smooth, membranous sacs; the site of synthesis and packaging of certain molecules in eukaryotic cells. vacuole 液泡
Storage container within the cytoplasm of a cell having a surrounding membrane. phagocytosis 吞噬作用
The process by which the cell wraps around a particle and engulfs it. pinocytosis 胞饮作用
The process by which a cell engulfs some molecules dissolved in water
lysosome 溶酶体 A specialized organelle that holds a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes.
mitochondrion 线粒体(复数 mitochondria )A membranous organelle
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生物工程专业英语（Bioengineering English）
resembling a small bag with a larger bag resembling a small bag with a larger bag inside that is folded back on itself; serves as the site of aerobic cellular respiration. plastid 质体
An organelle present in all plants except bacteria, blue-green algae, and fungi; it is enclosed by two membranes (the envelope) and has various functions chloroplast 叶绿体
A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except photosynthetic bacteria blue-green algae.
stroma 基质，子座（复数 stromata）
Region within a chloroplast that has no chlorophyll.
microfilament 微丝，纤丝
Long, fiberlike structures made of protein and found in cells, often in close association with the microtubules; provide structural support and enable movement. actin 肌动蛋白
A globular contractile protein. In muscle cells, actin interacts with another protein, myosin, to bring about contraction. myosin ['maiesin] 肌球蛋白 A protein that, with actin, constitutes the principal element of the contractile apparatus of muscle.
microtubute 微管
Small, hollow tubes of protein that function throughout the cytoplasm to provide structural support and enable movement. tubulin 微管蛋白 A protein that is the major constituent of microtubules.
dynein 动力蛋白，动素 A group of at least four distinct proteins found in the flagella and microtubules of eukaryotic cells and possessing ATPase activity.
chemotaxis 趋化性
A locomotory movement of an organism or cell in response to, and directed by, an directional stimulus. cilia 纤毛
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生物工程专业英语（Bioengineering English）
Numerous short, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion. flagella 鞭毛 (单数flagellum) Long, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface that enable locomotion. basal body 基体
A body identical in structure to a centriole, found always at the base of a cilium or eukaryote flagellum. centriole 中心粒
An organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but absent from prokaryotes and higher plants.
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生物工程专业英语（Bioengineering English）
Lesson Two（2学时）
Photosynthesis
教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的光合作用机理，光合系统Ⅰ与光合系统Ⅱ结构与功能之间的关系。相关英语词汇以及主要用法。
教学重点：光合作用中相关的概念和功能，及相关英语词汇的掌握 教学难点：专业英语词汇的记忆
讲授方法：以学生翻译为主，老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解 授课时间：4月5日 教学内容：
Photosynthesis occurs only in the chlorophyllchlorophyll叶绿素-containing cells of green plants, algae藻, and certain protists 原生生物and bacteria. Overall, it is a process that converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored in the molecular bonds. From the point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular respiration. Whereas 然而 cellular细胞的 respiration 呼吸is highly exergonic吸收能量的 and releases energy, photosynthesis光合作用 requires energy and is highly endergonic.
光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞，海藻，某些原生动物和细菌之中。总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学能，并将能量贮存在分子键中，从化学和动能学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的对立面。细胞呼吸作用是高度放能的，光合作用是需要能量并高吸能的过程。
Photosynthesis starts with CO2 and H2O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. In the first set, called the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split裂开 (oxidized), 02 is released, and ATP and NADPH are formed. These reactions must take place in the presence of 在面前 light energy. In the second set, called light-independent
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