生物工程专业英语（Bioengineering English）
noncyclic photophosphorylation
非环形光合磷酸化作用
Noncyclic photophosphorylation is coupled to noncyclic electron flow, the electrons being used to reduce NADP+ as well as to make ATP. photon 光子
A particle that has zero mass or charge and unit spin, the quantum of the electromagnetic field and carrier of the electromagnetic force. photophosphorylation 光合磷酸化作用 The synthesis of ATP from phosphate and ADP during photosynthesis, using light energy.
photorespiration 光呼吸
A light-dependent type of respiration that occurs in most photosynthetic plants and differs from normal (or dark) respiration. photosynthesis 光合作用
The synthesis of organic compounds by reduction of carbon dioxide using light energy absorbed by chorophyll. photosystem 光合系统
One of the clusters of light-trapping pigments
embedded
in
photosynthetic
pathways. ribulose biphosphate (RUBP) 核酮糖二磷酸
A compound with a backbone of five carbon atoms that is required for carbon fixation in the Calvin-Benson cycle of photosynthesis. thylakoid 类囊体
One of a number of flattened fluid-filled sacs that form the photosynthetic lamellar system of chloroplasts, photosynthetic bacteria, and blue-green algae.
membranes. Photosystem I operates during the cyclic pathway; photosystem Ⅱ operates during both the cyclic and noncyclic
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生物工程专业英语（Bioengineering English）
Lesson Three（2学时）
Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis
教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的有丝分裂和无丝分裂的作用机理，有丝分裂和无丝分裂之间的区别和相同点。相关英语词汇以及主要用法。
教学重点：有丝分裂和无丝分裂中相关的概念和功能，及相关英语词汇的掌握 教学难点：专业英语词汇的记忆
讲授方法：以学生翻译为主，老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解 授课时间：4月12日 教学内容：
The Nucleus and Chromosomes
The cell nucleus is the main repository of genetic information. Within the nucleus are the chromosomes tightly coiled strands of DNA and clusters of associated proteins. Long stretches of the continuous DNA molecule wind around these clusters of proteins, or histones, forming beadlike complexes known as nucleosomes. More coiling and supercoiling produces a dense chromosome structure. Each long strand of DNA combines with histones and nonhistone proteins to make up the substance chromatin.
细胞核是贮藏遗传信息的主要场所。DNA盘绕成螺旋线以及相关的成簇蛋白质。DNA螺旋线缠绕成簇的组蛋白形成珠链状的核小体。这些螺旋和超螺旋形成致密的染色体组结构。每个长链DNA与组蛋白和非组蛋白一起构成染色质物质。
A pictorial display of an organism's chromosomes in the coiled, condensed state is known as a karyotype. Karyotype reveal that in most cells all but sex chromosomes are present as two copies, referred to as homologous pairs. Non-sex chromosomes are called autosomes.
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生物工程专业英语（Bioengineering English）
Organisms whose cells contain two sets of parental chromosomes are called diploid; those with cells containing a single set of parental chromosomes are called haploid.
染色体致密的超螺旋状态我们称染色体组。除了性染色体外，大多数细胞的染色体组成对出现，称同源染色体对。非性染色体称常染色体。生物细胞含有两套父母本染色体的称二倍体；含有单套染色体的称单倍体。
The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is a regular sequence in which the cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then repeats the cycle. Such cycling in effect makes single-celled organisms immortal. Many cells in multicellular organisms, including animal muscle and nerve cells, either slow the cycle or break out of it altogether.
在细胞生长过程中，细胞循环遵循特定程序，分裂准备，分裂成2个子细胞，子细胞再循环。此循环使得单细胞永生。多细胞生物中的许多细胞，包括动物肌肉和神经细胞，要么降低循环速度，要么同时分裂。
The normal cell cycle consists of four phases. The first three include G1, the period of normal metabolism; S phase, during which normal synthesis of biological molecules continues, DNA is replicated, and histones are synthesized; and G2, a brief period of metabolism and additional growth. Together the G1, S, and G2 phases are called interphase. The fourth phase of the cell cycle is M phase, the period of mitosis, during which the replicated chromosomes condense and move and the cell divides. It is believed that properties of the cell cytoplasm control the cell cycle, along with external stimulators and inhibitors such as chalones.
正常细胞循环由4个时期组成。头三期包括G1,正常新陈代谢；S期,正常新陈代谢同时，DNA复制，组蛋白合成； G2 期，短期的新陈代谢和少许生长。G1, S, 和G2称分裂间期。最后是M期，有丝分裂期，复制的染色体组浓缩，移动并细胞分裂。据称是染色质控制了细胞循环，伴随外部激活因子和抑制因子如抑素。 Mitosis: Partitioning the Hereditary Material
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生物工程专业英语（Bioengineering English）
Biologists divide the mitotic cycle into four phases. At the beginning of prophase 前期 the chromosomes each consist of two highly condensed chromatids attached to each other at a centromere. As prophase ends and metaphase 中期 begins, the condensed 浓缩的 chromosomes become associated with the spindle 纺锤体. Eventually the chromosomes become arranged in a plane (called the metaphase plate) at a right angle to the spindle fibers. Next, during anaphase 后期, the two sister chromatids of each chromosome split, and one from each pair is drawn toward each pole of the cell. During telophase 末期 nuclear envelopes 包膜 begin to form around each set of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm takes place.
生物学家将有丝分裂划分为4个阶段。分裂前期，高度浓缩的两个染色单体通过着丝粒连接在一起。在分裂前期后期和分裂中期前期，浓缩的染色体与纺锤体相连，最后以正确的角度排列在赤道板上。在分裂后期，两个姊妹单体分离，分别拽向细胞两极。在分裂末期，在每套染色体周围形成核膜，细胞质发生分裂。
As mitosis proceeds, the spindle microtubules play a crucial role in ensuring that both paired and separated chromatids 染色单体 move in the right directions at the proper times. Each half of the spindle forms as microtubules extend from each pole of a dividing cell to the region of the metaphase plate. During prophase, other microtubules, the centromeric 着丝粒fibers, extend outward from the spindle poles to structures on the chromosomes called kinetochores着丝粒. During anaphase the fibers begin to shorten, and the chromatids begin to move apart.
在有丝分裂过程中，是纺锤体微管确保了染色单体在适当时间以正确方向进行分离。纺锤体微管由两极向赤道板延伸。在分裂前期，其它微管，着丝粒纤维延伸到染色体的动粒。在分裂后期，纤维开始变短，染色单体分离。
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生物工程专业英语（Bioengineering English）
The spindle forms differently in plant and animal cells. In animals it is associated with centriole 中心粒, while in plant and fungal 真菌 cells spindle formation is associated with reions called microtubule organizing centers.
植物和动物细胞形成的纺锤体不同。动物细胞与中心粒相连，而在植物和真菌细胞中，纺锤体与微管组织中心的离子相连。
Cytokinesis: Partitioning the Cytoplasm 胞质分裂：细胞质分离
The division of the cell cytoplasm at the end of mitosis is called cytokinesis 细胞浆移动. In animal cells it takes place as a ring of actin filaments contracts使缩短 合同契约 around the cell equator赤道, pinching收聚 the cell in two. In plant cells, which are bounded 有限制的 by a cell wall, cytokinesis involves the building of a new cell plate across the dividing cell at its equator. Cell wall material is then deposited 存放堆积 in the region of the cell plate. 在动物细胞中，环形肌动蛋白丝延赤道板收缩而使细胞一分为二。在植物细胞中，在赤道板形成新的细胞板。
Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis 减数 is a special form of cell division that takes place in the reproductive 生殖 organs that produce sex cells. Like mitosis, it takes place after DNA replication has occurred and involves two sequential 连续的 nuclear divisions (meiosis I and meiosis Ⅱ). These divisions result in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. The phenomenon of crossing over during meiosis results in exchanges of genetic information between chromosomes. Hence因此, the homologous 同源的 chromosomes distributed 分布 to different progeny 后裔 cells are not identical同样的.
减数分裂是性细胞分裂的特殊形式。如有丝分裂，它也是发生在DNA复制后并有连续的两个核分裂。产生4个子细胞，分别含有亲本一半的染色体数。
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