Q: According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.
A: According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking:
Locutionary act（言内行为）, illocutionary act（言外行为）, perlocutionary act（言后行为）. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.
A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. 言内行为是发自词、词组和从句的行为，传递字面意思。
言外行为是表达说话人意图的行为，是在说话过程中执行的动作。 言后行为是由说某事或因为说某事而执行的动作。
Q: What are the four maxims of the CP（合作原则）? A: The maxim of quantity （量原则） The maxim of quality （质原则） The maxim of relation（关联原则） The maxim of manner（方式原则）
词义的变化 changes in the meaning of words 1. widening of meaning 词义扩大 2. narrowing of meaning 词义缩小
3. amelioration/ elevation of meaning 词义升格
4. degeneration/ deterioration/ degradation/ pejoration of meaning 词义降格
文化 Culture: in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief,
customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.
广义的文化指的是一个民族的整个生活方式，包括信仰、习俗、目标、机构、技术一级带有群体生活特色的语言。
语言相对论 linguistic relativity is a hypothesis proposed by Sapir and Whorf that the structure of the
language people habitually use influence the way they think and behave.
语言相对论是由萨丕尔和沃尔夫提出的，指人们习惯使用的语言结构会影响其思维方式和行为方式。
语言习得 Language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, how the child
comes to understand and speak the language of his community.
语言习得是指儿童习得母语的过程，即儿童是如何逐渐理解和说其社区语言的。
儿童语言习得理论 Theories of child language acquisition: 行为主义者观 the behaviorist view 天赋主义者观 the innatist view
互动主义者观 the interactionist view
语言习得机制 Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is a imaginary“black box” existing somewhere in
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the human brain, which is said to contain principles that are universal to all human languages.
LAD被描述成一个存在于人脑某处的想象的“黑匣子”，据说这个黑匣子含有对所有人类语言都适用的普遍原则。
第二语言习得 Second Language Acquisition (SLA) refers to the systematic study of how one person
acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.
SLA指对一个人在习得母语后是如何习得第二语言进行系统研究。
正迁移 positive transfer means that facilitates（有助于） target language learning.
负迁移 negative transfer is a transfer which interferes（干扰）with target language learning.
错误 error: unintentionally deviant from the target language and not self-corrigible by the learner suggest
failure in competence.
错误是指对目的语的无意偏离，学习者无法自我纠正，它表明了语言能力上的失败。
语误 mistake: intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible suggest failure in
performance..
语误是指有意或无意的偏离形式，是可以自我纠正的，表明了语言行为上的失败。
中介语 Interlanguage refers to learners’ independent system of the second language which is neither the
native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his first language to the second language.
中介语既不是本族语又不是第二语言，二十处于第一语和第二语之间的连续体或近似体。
未提到的：
Q1: What knowledge does a native speaker have/possess? A: A native speaker has four types of knowledge: Phonological knowledge Morphological knowledge Syntactical knowledge Semantic knowledge
Q2: Why do we use IPA(International phonetic alphabet)?
A: Because the spelling of English words is not a reliable means to record the sounds. Sometimes a single letter may represent different sounds. For example, the letter “a” represents 5 different sounds: Cat wall china cake father
Sometimes different letters or different combination of letters may represent the same sound. For example [i:]
Feet meat key we piece
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But, IPA can record the sounds accurately and precisely because in this system one symbol represents only one sound and one sound is represented by one symbol.
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