表示达到
is, reach, stand at, arrive at, hit, come to 表示达到最高值
peak at, reach the highest point at 表示达到最低值
bottom out at, reach the lowest point at
表示上升
v. — rise, increase, grow, go up, climb, pick up, jump, boom
n. — a rise, an increase, growth, an upward trend, a boom (a dramatic rise) 表示下降
v. — fall, decrease, decline, dip, drop, go down, reduce, sink, slide, plunge, slump n. — a fall, a decrease, a decline, a drop, a reduction, a dive, a slump (a dramatic fall) 表示平稳
level out, remain stable, remain steady, stay constant, maintain the same level, plateau (at) 表示波动
vary, fluctuate (around),
速度快rapidly, sharply
速度慢gradually, gently, steadily 幅度大 significantly, substantially 幅度小 slightly, moderately
描写趋势句式
表达相反趋势 In contrast, …saw an opposite trend.
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IV. To describe constitution, you can use:
1. 描述整体构成的句式
-Y is made up of/composed of/constituted of/comprised of/divided into/subdivided into A, B and C. - Y is roughly classed under two heads 大致分成2类
- Y is streamed按能力分班(或分组) into five groups 分成5组 - Y is graded according to size and quality 根据大小与质量分类 - Y mainly consists of/contains/includes A, B and C.
-There are 4 parts composing/constituting/comprising/making up Y, namely, A, B and C.
2. 描述各部分占有率的句式
-X accounts for/takes up/makes up/occupies/constitutes (approximately/about/around) 65 percent of the total/whole.
-X accounts for/takes up/makes up/occupies/constitutes/has (almost/nearly) the largest/highest/most/least proportion of the total/whole. -The majority of Y is made up of X.
3. 描述排序的句式
-A, followed by B and then C.
Fish and chip remains the most popular fast food, followed by hamburgers and then pizza. -A. Next come B and then C.
The main/primary/biggest/dominant proportion of electricity is produced by coal and the remainder comes from the nuclear.
4. 描述对比和类比的句式
By comparison with 1998, it decreased/increased by/to....
The figure has nearly doubled, compared with that of last year during the same period. It has increased/ decreased almost twice/six times, compared with/to ....
The only exception was the year of X, when there was a slight decline/increase as compared with the previous year(s).
Similarly,/Likewise,…
Unlike…, …. In comparison, …. In/By contrast, ….
5. 描述预测（会有）多少:
A is likely/predicted/estimated/expected/forecasted to reach….
6. Exercise
Number of people from different countries traveling abroad in 1985 and 1995
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Chapter 3 Academic Writing Task One — Single Diagrams
I. Opening paragraph
The opening paragraph should define the visual information by introducing the key information and overall trend, where specific details are not needed. Notice that the standard opening paragraph does not directly copy the words in the directions. Instead, writers should PARAPHRASE the words in the answer sheet.
PARAPHRASE: 删除-增加/具体化（时间、类别）-替换词语-改变句式
Sample:
The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999. Family types Proportion of people from each household type living in poverty Single aged person 6% Aged couple 4% Single, no children 19% Couple, no children 7% The chart illustrates the percentage of various poor families in Australia in 1999. The form indicates the percentage of many/4 types of Australian poor households in 1999. The table gives a breakdown 开支细目；分类of the different types of families who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999.
Word bank: 统计表 table-form
曲线图 line graph-line chart-curve- diagram
条/柱形图 (bar)graph-( bar) chart-column chart-figure 饼形图 pie chart-pie graph
流程图 flow chart-flow scheme- sequence diagram
表明 show-describe-suggest-reveal-indicate-illustrate-demonstrate-depict
record-give
百分比 percentage-proportion 数据 number-figure-statistics
种类 category-type-kind-breakdown
Eg., a breakdown of the expenses 开支明细
a breakdown of those income tax一份所得税收的细目表
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Exercises: Directions:
1. The pie chart below shows the average way in which foreign students learning English in London spend their money over the course of a week.
2. The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city, in 1950, 1970 and 1990.
3. The diagram below shows the method of obtaining water outdoors.
4. The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.
5. The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries.
6. The graph below shows radio and television audiences throughout the day in 1992.
Paraphrase:
1. The pie chart reveals typical spending patterns for foreign students taking English language
courses in schools in London.
2. The line chart indicates many significant changes in means of transport used by city dwellers. 3. The diagram illustrates how water is collected in container.
4. The graph records changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a
particular European country between ….
5. The graph shows the increase in the aging population in Japan, Sweden and the USA. It
indicates that the percentage of elderly people in all three countries is expected to increase to almost 25% of the respective populations by the year 2040.
6. The graph shows the percentage of radio and television audiences over 4 years old in the UK
(the UK population over 4 years old who tuned into radio and television) throughout the day from October to December in 1992.
II. Body paragraphs
1. Line graph, table, bar chart
有序变量+二分类变量（以曲线图为主）
方法一：根据有序变量分段
段内对比分析二分类变量
方法二：根据二分类变量分段 段内按有序变量分阶段 对比突出趋势或特点
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Sample 1
Body 1
The data indicates that radio listeners increased (grow, rise, go up) substantially before 8:00 am, when the percentage reached (amounted to) to a peak of 27%. The percentage then declined steadily to 11% at 4:00 pm, which was followed by a slight increase to 15% at 5:00 pm. However, from then on, there was again a gradual decrease to 2% until 4:00 am, when the percentage bottomed out降至最低点/跌至谷底. The period from 4:00 am to 6:00 am saw another slight rise to 4% in radio listeners.
As for (similarly) TV viewers, the percentage went up from 6:00 am to 8:30 am, when there was a leveling off at 8% until 10:00 am (for the next one hour and a half)After a slight decrease, the percentage rose sharply to 15% between 12 pm and 2 pm, before it dropped slightly. The peak (45%) was reached at 8:00 pm after a massive rise from 14% since 3:00 pm. However, the period between 8:00 pm and 3:00 am saw a slump暴跌 in television viewers. The percentage reached the bottom of 3% at 3:00 am, when there was a slight rise afterwards.
Conclusion
The general trend was that the percentage of both radio and television audiences rose first and then decrease, while the total number of the latter was bigger than the former. In addition, the prime time for radio and television was 8 am and 8 pm, respectively. (236 words)
Body 2
The bold graph shows the television audiences throughout the day. It shows that the percentage of audiences is zero percent in early morning but it gradually rises up to ten percent at 8: 00 am and maintains the same for the next two hours. There is a slight fall in percentage in next two hours however after that it rises sharp up to twenty percent within the next two hours. After this the graph rises fast and attains its peak at 10 pm which is about forty-five percent. Then the graph gradually falls down and at 2:00 am it is at five percent. [a good variety of cohesive devices]
The thinner graph shows the percentage of radio audiences. Unlike the television one the peak percentage of the radio audiences is at 8:00 am which is about 30 percent. Then it gradually falls and
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