in future wars.
47. The traditional staff concept, modified to reflect local conditions, was increasingly adopted by burgeoning industrial and governmental organizations.
48. Premised upon the notion that there was “one best way” of accomplishing any given task, Taylor’s scientific management sought to increase output by using special staff to discover the fastest, most efficient, and least-fatiguing production methods.
49. At first Taylor was reluctant to use the phrase “scientific management” because it sounded too academic.
50. Taylor’s duties seemed so obvious today, but they were revolutionary in 1912. 51. The components of performance management are long-established management tools that encompass most of the other senses in which the term performance is used in the language of public sector management.
52. This, in its simplest terms, plots against a calendar the main management actions that must be taken in the coming year.
53. This reflects the de facto role of the budget in many organizations as the central focus of decision making concerning resource allocation for the coming year.
54. A management cycle not only forces decisions to be made with a calendar in mind, but it also serve as a conceptual diagram, which implies a logical interaction, sequencing, and above all, linking of related categories of management activity.
55. The citizens literally vote for the plans espoused by elected political executives in their campaign promises.
56. Whether this was caused by changing demographics or better police management, nobody really knows.
57. And opposition party President Bill Clinton was no less ambitious with his
reinventing government plans to significantly reduce federal employment.
58. All he had to do was to read the newspaper accounts of increasing criticisms of mail services, of members of Congress calling for the dismemberment of the Postal Service, and of business leaders calling for an end to the government’s first-class-mail monopoly.
59. For many of the previously discussed areas of government performance it is necessary to retain quality employees.
60. The more an organization’s stakeholders, the people affected directly or indirectly by the organization’s activities, work toward their own separate goals, as opposed to the “official” goals of the organization, the more incompetent the organization must necessarily become.
介词
1. Whether they are republics or constitutional monarchies, it is government agencies putting into practice legislative acts that represent the will of the people.
2. They actively compete to influence that will and to fight for the enactment of programs they are anxious to implement.
3. Top managers make the big decisions and are responsible for the overall success of the organization.
4. In government the top managers are always the political leaders of society whether they gain power by election, appointment, of assassination.
5. Its legal basis allows public administration to exist, but without its management aspect, not much of the public’s business would get alone.
6. Although he ended up as the chief of staff of the U.S. Army, he is on nobody’s list of great generals.
7. Just because you have a master’s or even a doctorate in public administration or a related field doesn’t mean that you can function as a high-level administrator.
8. Appointing authorities may not have heard of the historical Halleck, but they have all seen a Halleck--and don’t want to see one in the administrative structure of their group.
9. The ribbon has disappeared, but the practices it represents linger on.
10. The term is also applied to politics or regulations felt to be needless, insane, silly, or mildly offensive.
11. A public program consists of all those activities designed to implement the public policy.
12. If she stands for one thing more than another, it is for the sovereignty of self-governing people.
13. But democracy is not a simple or constant concept. Instead, it is an evolving notion regarding the relationship between the people and government.
14. The development of popular or universal democracy in the eighteenth century led to revolutionary conceptions of democracy that called for the placing of all power in the hands of the people --at first just white males.
15. While the founders specifically wanted a government structure that was insulated from a pure democracy, they also wanted a governing arrangement that, unlike the city-states of ancient Greece, could function over a large area.
16. He was disdainful of those who asserted the presence of a “residuum of power” when he clearly saw none.
17. This power, as Lincoln saw it, might not only exceed constitutional bounds but act against the Constitution.
18. Similarly, during the Korean War President Harry S. Truman’s attempts to exert
executive power over labor and industry were blocked by a skeptical judicial branch.
19. Two decades later the Court in United States v. Nixon(1974) rejected President Richard M. Nixon’s claim that the Constitution provided the President with an absolute and unreviewable executive privilege--specifically, the right not to respond to a subpoena in connection with a judicial trial.
20. This is President Theodore Roosevelt’s view that the President, because he represents and holds in trust the interests of all the people, should be free to take any actions in the public interest that are not specifically forbidden by the Constitution or statutory law.
21. Most significantly, it denies certain powers to the national government by reserving them for the states and the people.
22. The Court unanimously declared its support for red tape, the treasured procedural safeguards that protect us even when we do wish to be protected, and the law’s delay.
23. American politics has grown up around the Constitution and has been, thereby, “constitutionalized”.
24. “Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional”.
25. Because of their experiences under British rule, Americans have historically been suspicious of a too-efficient government, feeling that an overly efficient administration of public affairs could eventually eat into political liberties.
26. Indeed, the whole thrust of American public administration reform over the past century has been to create efficient subunits within an overall inefficient system.
27. The GAO would be severely diminished if its functions were located within the
executive branch, as it frequently is within democracies based on the British parliamentary system.
28. The Executive Office of the President (EOP) is an umbrella office consisting of the top presidential staff agencies that provide the President with help and advice in carrying out major responsibilities.
29. The American machinery of government, which requires cabinet secretaries to be responsible both to the President and the Congress (with its competing interests) makes that virtually impossible.
30. But unlike administrators of independent executive agencies, they serve for fixed terms and cannot be removed at the pleasure of the President.
31. When functions are shared between levels of government, how will each function be divided among national, state, and local governments?
32. Should a national government have an objective of redistributing revenues to reduce the differential between the richest and poorest regions of a nation?
33. As we said earlier, the Constitution itself is the best place to go for answers to these questions.
34. In fact, The Constitution can be particularly vague in laying out the balance of power between the levels of government.
35. Marble-cake federalism is usually associated with Morton Grodzins, who made a famous example out of case of rural country health officials called sanitarians.
36. It is not simply a question of dividing the work between the levels: of assigning local issues to local government, and national issues to federal government.
37. It is impossible from moment to moment to tell under which government the sanitarian operates.