句子成分及结构
一：句子成分由词或词组充当, 英语的基本成分有七种
主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、宾语（object）、表语（predicative）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)，补语（complement）。 （1）. 主语 S
主语 (Subject) 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 名词 2.We often speak English in class. 代词
3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 数词 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 不定式 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 动名词 6.The rich should help the poor. 名词化的形容词
7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 主语从句
8.It is necessary to master a foreign language。it 为形式主语，不定式为真正的主语 （2）. 谓语 （V）
谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten o’clock. 2、复合谓语：
由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。 （3）表语 （P）
表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） 2.Is it yours?（代词）
3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词） 4.The speech is exciting.（分词）
5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
6.His job is to teach English.（不定式） 7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词） 8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语） 9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。 1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher.
2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, stand, 例如： He always keep silent at meeting.
3）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
4）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如： He became mad after that.
除此之外，还有prove, turn out, appear, seem等。
The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success。 （4）宾语 (O)
宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.They visited an exhibition yesterday.名词
2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 代词，动名词 3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 名词，数词
4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 名词化形容词，名词 5.He pretended not to see me. 不定式 6.I enjoy listening to popular music. 动名词 7.I think（that）he is fit for his office. 宾语从句 宾语种类：
1）双宾语（间接宾语O+直接宾语O） Lend me your dictionary, please. He gave me a book yesterday. 2）复合宾语（宾语O+宾补C）
1. They elected him their monitor. 名词
2.They painted their boat white. 形容词 3.Let the fresh air in. 介词
4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. 不定式
5.We saw her entering the room. 动名词
6.We found everything in the lab in good order. 介词短语 7.We will soon make our city what your city is now. 从句
以上几种是句子的必要成分，不可缺少，否则句子意义就不完整。句子除了必要成分外，还可以有定语，状语，同位语和插入语。 （5）定语
修饰，限制，描述或补充说明名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。 1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） 4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） 6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） 7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） 8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (定语从句) （6）状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制，状语一般由副词充当，也可由名词，介词短语，非谓语动词，从句等充当。 1.Light travels most quickly. 副词及副词性短语 2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 介词短语
3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. 不定式 4.He is in the room making a model plane. 分词短语 5.Wait a minute. 名词
6.Once you begin, you must continue. 状语从句 9种状语种类如下：
1. How about meeting again at six? 时间
2.Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain. 原因 3.I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. 条件 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 地点
5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 方式 5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 伴随
6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 目的 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 结果 8.She works very hard though she is old. 让步
9.I am taller than he is. 比较
（7）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：
This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. We students should study hard. We all are students.
（8）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe---)等，如：
To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you.
二：英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。 掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 1： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓） 2： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 3： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
4： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 5： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
基本句型一：Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物动词） 1. The sun │ rose. 2. Who │cares? 3. What he said │does not matter. 4. They │talked for half an hour. 5. The pen │writes smoothly
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词 都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词， 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 基本句型二：Ｓ │Ｖ（是系动词）│ Ｐ（表语） 1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner │smells │good. 3. He │fell │in love. 4. Everything │looks │different. 5. He │is growing │tall and strong.
6. Our well │has gone │dry. 7. His face │turned │red. 基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）
此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物动词）│ Ｏ（宾语） 1. Who │knows │the answer? 2. He │has refused │to help them. 3. He │enjoys │reading. 4. He │said │\ 5. He │admits │that he was mistaken.
基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ O Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ O（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物） 1.She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 2. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 3. I │showed │him │my pictures. 4. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 5. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（宾语） │ Ｃ（宾补） 1. They │painted │the door │green. 2. This │set │them │thinking. 3. They │found │the house │deserted. 4. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 5. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 三：Practice makes perfect. (一) 选择句子结构
a，Ｓ Ｖ b， Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ c，Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ d，Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ e，Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ 1. Please tell us a story._______ 2. She smiled.______
3. I have a lot work to do._____ 4. His job is to train swimmers._____ 5. He noticed a man enter the room._____ 6. Please look at the picture._____