《英语语言学》课程大纲
课程名称：英语语言学 课程编号： 总 学 时：36
适应对象：英语本科专科 一、教学目的与任务
《英语语言学》是英语专业高年级学生开设的学科方向课。旨在使学生了解人类语言研究的成果，提高对语言的本质、功能的认识，了解语言与人类之间的关系，培养学生的语言意识，发展理性思维。该课程要求学生掌握语言学学科的基本概念；了解语言与心理、社会、文化、文学等跨学科研究的关系及其发展现状和趋势。该课程的学习有助于拓宽学生的思维与视野，培养并激发学生对语言研究的兴趣，为其在相关领域的进一步学习及研究打好基础。 二、教学基本要求
语言学是以语言为研究对象的一门科学。教学中应处理好以下方面的关系。
1、在理解的基础上进行记忆，特别是一些重要术语的翻译与定义以及几大语法学派的理论主张，有影响力的语言学家的姓名、著作以及贡献等。注意阅读课文时要认真仔细。
2、通读和理解课文的基础上进行总结，对各部分所讲的主要内容做到心中有数，重点明确。 3、在学习过程中，注意联系、对比，将所学语言学理论与英语外语学习实际相结合。 4、注意提高运用理论解决实际问题的能力。
5、培养学生学术论文写作的能力，建构写作的理论基础及理论依据。 三、教学内容及要求：
第一章 语言学导论 1.1 为什么学习语言？ 1.2 什么是语言？ 1.3 语言的本质特征
1.3.1 任意性 arbitrariness 1.3.2 二重性 duality
1.3.3 创造性 productivity or creativity 1.3.4 移位性 displacement 1.4 语言的起源 1.5 语言的功能
1.5.1 信息功能 informative 1.5.2 人际功能 1.5.3 施为功能
1.5.4 感情功能emotive 1.5.5 交感性谈话 1.5.6 娱乐性功能 1.5.7 元语言功能 1.6 什么是语言学？ 1.7 语言学的主要分支
1.7.1 语音学phonetics 1.7.2 音系学phonlogy 1.7.3 形态学mprphology 1.7.4 句法学syntax 1.7.5 语义学semantics 1.7.6 语用学pragmatics 1.8 宏观语言学
1.8.1 心理语言学 1.8.2 社会语言学 1.8.3 人类语言学 1.8.4 计算语言学
1.9 语言学中的一些重要区别
1.9.1 “描写式”和“规定式”descriptive and prescriptive
1.9.2 “共时”和“历时”synchronic and diachronic 1.9.3 “语言”和“言语”langue and parol
1.9.4 语言能力和语言应用competence and performance 1.9.5 “非位的”与“位学的” 第二章 语音
2.1 言语产生和言语感知 2.2 言语器官
2.3 音段、分化和标音法 2.3.1 音段和分化 2.3.2 标音法 2.4 辅音
2.4.1 辅音和元音 2.4.2 辅音 2.4.3 发音方法 2.4.4 发音部位 2.4.5 英语中的辅音 2.5 元音
2.5.1 元音描写的原则 2.5.2 基本元音理论 2.5.3 元音音渡
2.5.4 标准发音中的元音 2.6 协同发音和语音描写 2.6.1 协同发音
2.6.2 宽式标音和严式标音 2.7 音位分析
2.8 音位和音位变体 2.8.1 最小对立体 2.8.2 音位理论 2.8.3 音位变体 2.9 音位过程 2.9.1 同化
2.9.2 音系过程和音系规则 2.9.3 规则顺序 2.10 区别性特征 2.11 音节
2.11.1 音节结构 2.11.2 响音阶
2.11.3 音节划分和最大节首原则 2.12 重音 第三章 形态学 3.1 什么是词？ 3.1.1 “词”的三种含义 3.1.2 词的识别 3.1.3 词的分类 3.2 词的形成 3.2.1 语素和形态学 3.2.2 语素的类型
3.2.3 曲折变化和词的形成 3.2.4 音系学和形态学的对立 3.3 词汇变化
3.3.1 特有的词汇变化 3.3.2 音位变化
3.3.3 形态-句法变化 3.3.4 语义变化 3.3.5 拼写的变化 第四章 句法 4.1 传统学派 4.1.1 数、性、格 4.1.2 时和体
4.1.3 一致关系和支配关系 4.2 结构主义学派
4.2.1 组合关系与聚合关系 4.2.2 直接成分分析法 4.2.3 向心结构和离心结构 4.3 生成学派
4.3.1 深层结构和表层结构 4.3.2 标准理论及其后的发展 4.3.3 管辖、约束等 4.4 功能学派 4.4.1 功能句子观 4.4.2 系统功能语法 第五章 语义学
5.1 “意义”的意义 5.2 指称论 5.3 涵义关系 5.3.1 同义关系 5.3.2 反义关系 5.3.3 上下义关系 5.4 成分分析 5.5 句子意义 5.5.1 一个整体理论 5.5.2 逻辑语义学 第六章 语用学
6.1 言语行为理论 (Speech act theory)
6.1.1 施为句（performatives）和表述句(constatives) 6.1.2 行事行为(illocutionary act)理论
6.2 会话含义(conversational implicature)理论 6.2.1 合作原则 6.2.2 准则的违背 6.2.3 含义的特征
6.3 后格莱斯时期的发展
6.3.1 关联理论(relevance theory)
6.3.2 数量原则(Q-Principle)和关系原则(R-Principle)
6.3.3 数量原则(Q-principle)、信息原则(I-principle)和方式原则(M-principle)
The Goals for this Course
To get a scientific view on language;
To understand some basic theories on linguistics;
To understand the applications of the linguistic theories, especially in the fields of language teaching & learning (SLA or TEFL), cross-cultural communication……; To prepare for the future research work.
Class attendance
Classroom discussion
To look up and memorize academic terms Fulfillment of the presentation
Chapter 1. Introduction
1. What is language? Language can mean
1). what a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions)
2). the way of speaking or writing (e.g. Shakespeare?s language, Luxun?s language)
3). a particular variety or level of speech or writing (e.g. language for special purpose, colloquial language)
4). the abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community (e.g. Chinese language, first language)
5). the common features of all human languages (e.g. He studies language) 6). a tool for human communication. (social function) 7). a set of rules. (rule-governed) Sapir’s definition (1921)
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” Hall’s definition (1968)
Language is “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.” Chomsky’s definition (1957)
“From now on I will consider language to be a set of (finite or infinite) sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.” Language can be generally defined as
a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1). Language is a system
Systematic---- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; can’t be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat. 2). Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with. 3). Language is symbolic in nature
Symbolic---- words are associated with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----Shakespeare 4). Language is primarily vocal
Vocal---- the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form.
5). Language is human-specific
Human-specific---- different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.
许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨.他对语言的定义做了如下概括:语言是一种符号系统,当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达相互反应的中介;当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认知事物的工具;当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体.
2. The design/defining features of human language (Charles Hockett) Arbitrariness
Productivity/Creativity Duality
Displacement
Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.
The Requirements for this course
Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… )
Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
Productivity/creativity
----Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “ A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.
A gibbon call system is not productive for gibbon draw all their calls from a fixed repertoire which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible.
The bee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direction. But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance; bees do not “talk” about themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people, animals, hopes or desires.
Duality (double articulation) 双重陈述 Lower level----sounds (meaningless)
Higher level----meaning (larger units of meaning)
A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that language.
Displacement
----Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.
A gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last year
There is something special about the bee dance though. Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do they speculate about future discoveries.
Cultural transmission
----Language is culturally transmitted (through teaching and learning; rather than by instinct).
Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. All cats, gibbons and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats, gibbons and bees.
A Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. That is, it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.
The story of a wolf child, a pig child shows that a human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human language.
3. Functions of language
Phatic: establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact. Directive: get the hearer to do something. Informative: give information about facts. Interrogative: get information from others.
Expressive: express feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
Evocative: create certain feelings in the hearer (amuse, startle, soothe, worry or please) Performative: language is used to do things, to perform actions.