? ? ? ? 现代IC制造中最常用的曝光工具 通过曝光缩小掩膜图形以提高分辨率 分辨率:0.25 um 或更小 设备很昂贵
23、曝光时的驻波效应及其消除方法
? 入射光与反射光干涉 ? 周期性过曝光和欠曝光 ? 影响光刻分辨率 PEB减小驻波效应
? 光刻胶玻璃化转变温度(Tg) ? 烘焙温度必须高于Tg ? 光刻胶分子发生热运动
? 过曝光和欠曝光的光刻胶分子发生重分布 ? 平衡驻波效应
? 平滑光刻胶侧墙,提高分辨率
24、干法刻蚀与湿法刻蚀的区别
25、湿法刻蚀二氧化硅、单晶硅和氮化硅等常用的化学试剂 (1)湿法刻蚀二氧化硅的化学试剂
? 氢氟酸溶液Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) Solution
? 通常在缓冲溶液或DI水中稀释后使用以减小刻蚀速率 SiO2 + 6HF ? H2SiF6 + 2H2O
? 广泛用于 CVD薄膜质量控制 ? BOE: Buffered oxide etch ? WERR: wet etch rate ratio
(2)湿法刻蚀 Silicon或 Poly的化学试剂
? mixture of nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrofluoric acid (HF)
? HNO3 oxidizes the silicon and HF removes the oxide at the same time.
? DI water or acetic acid can be used to dilute the etchant, and reduces the etch rate.
(3)湿法刻蚀氮化硅的化学试剂
? Hot (150 to 200 °C) phosphoric acid H3PO4 Solution ? High selectivity to silicon oxide
? Used for LOCOS and STI nitride strip
26、干法刻蚀中刻蚀速率、选择比随RF功率变化的规律
? Increasing RF power, DC bias increases, ion density also increases.
? Both ion density and ion bombardment energy are controlled by RF power. ? RF power is the main knob to control etch rate – Increasing RF power, increases etch rate – usually reduces selectivity
27、IC芯片设计制造中最常使用的三种金属及作用 (1)Al铝
? Most commonly used metal
? The fourth best conducting metal – 铝 2.65 mWcm – 金 2.2 mWcm – 银 1.6 mWcm – 铜 1.7 mWcm
? used for gate before mid-1970 (2)铜
? Low resistivity (1.7 mW×cm),
– lower power consumption and higher IC speed ? High electromigration resistance – better reliability
? Poor adhesion with silicon dioxide
? Highly diffusive, heavy metal contamination ? Very hard to dry etch
– copper-halogen have very low volatility (3)钨W
? 接触孔和通孔中的金属塞 ? 接触孔变得越来越小和越窄
(29、为什么采用W作为不同导电层中的金属塞?) ? PVD Al alloy: bad step coverage and void ? CVD W: excellent step coverage and gap fill ? higher resistivity: 8.0 to 12 mW×cm compare to PVD Al alloy (2.9 to 3.3 mW×cm)
? only used for local interconnections and plugs
28、TiN的三种作用
TiN:阻挡层,防止W扩散
TiN:粘合层,帮助W与SiO2表面粘合在一起 TiN:防反射涂层ARC(Anti-reflection coating),防止反射提高光刻分辨率
30、电迁移现象、原因及抑制方法 (1)电迁移现象
? Aluminum is a polycrystalline material多晶 ? Many mono-crystalline grains许多单晶晶粒 ? Current flows through an aluminum line ? Electrons constantly bombards the grains
? Smaller grains will start to move小晶粒开始移动 ? This effect is called electromigration (2)电迁移原因
? 电迁移使金属线变窄变薄 ? 残留引线中电流密度更高 – 使电子轰击加剧
– 引起进一步Al晶粒的迁移 – 甚至使金属线断裂
? 影响IC的可靠性 (3)电迁移抑制方法
? 少量铜与铝形成的合金将大大提供Al对电迁移的抵抗 铜作为Al晶粒间的粘合剂,
防止Al晶粒因电子轰击而迁移 ? Al-Si-Cu alloy was used
? Al-Cu (0.5%) is very commonly
31、化学机械抛光CMP的作用
? 多层金属互连 ? 介质层的平坦化
? 焦深要求平坦表面获得高分辨率 ? 粗糙的介质表面会引起金属化问题